1. G8/NEPAD Regional Implementation Planning meeting
COMPREHENSIVE AFRICA AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (CAADP) Companion Document Livestock sub-sector
G8/NEPAD Regional Implementation Planning meeting
Dar es Salaam, 26 January, 2005

2. Role of livestock in Africa
Livestock in agricultural GDP (%)
Livestock accounts for ca. 30% of agric. GDP
Contributes significantly to food supply and nutrition
Source of livelihood for millions of Africans – food, income, social obligations, risk mitigation)
Enhances productivity of crop agriculture (draught & manure)
Livestock derived food products contribute approx. 30% to agricultural GDP, this estimate does not include non-food livestock products such as manure and draught power, which enhances productivity of crop agriculture.
-this does note also include the important role livestock plays in risk mitigation and wealth accumulation.
Notably in the case contribution to agricultural GDP, there are differences across Africa. In some countries, eg Botswana, mauritania, Namibia – livestock contribute over 50%
In the humid zone of West Africa, livestock’s contribution is much lower to less than 10%
Role of livestock in Africa

3. Livestock Populations
AEZ
Region % %
Mn heads
Cattle: 224
Sheep: 244
Goats: 223
Pigs: 22
Chick.: 1,374
Livestock Populations

4. Agro-ecological zones and livestock systems
Pastoral
Agro-pastoral
Mixed crop livestock systems
Commercial ranching Small holder dairy & peri-urban systems
Non-ruminant systems (pig, poultry)
Irrigated systems in North Africa
Agro-ecological zones and livestock systems

5. Meat - trends in per capita consumption

6. Milk - trends in per capita consumption

7. Net trade in livestock products
All livestock Products ‘000$
Meat – ‘000 mt
Milk – ‘000 mt
Net trade in livestock products

8. Challenge Annual growth rates for 1993-2003
Human population % (4.2% - urban pop.)
Production
Meat %
Milk %
Eggs 2.7%
Production needs to grow at an average rate of 4.2% to meet growing demand due to increased population (estimated at 1.1. billion in 2015), improve nutrition and reduce or eliminate food imports
Challenge

9. Meat Performance Indicator: Carcass Weight
Kg/animal
Meat Performance Indicator: Carcass Weight

10. Egg & Milk Performance Indicators
Kg/animal/year
Kg/animal/year
Milk
Eggs
Egg & Milk Performance Indicators

11. Livestock sub-sector constraints
Biophysical/technical
Infrastructure
Policy and institutional
Access to resources and services
Market related constraints
Human resources (education, skills, attitudes)
Emphasis may differ according to AEZ/system/species, hence approaches to solve them
Feed: more acutely felt in drier regions (insufficient forages)
Animal health: diseases may result in losses in excess of US$ 4 billion!
Genotype: It is important to improve genetic resources, but indigenous germplasm should also be conserved.
Policy: Bias towards urban consumers, excessive regulations.
NARS and Extension services have been experiencing budgetary constraints.
AEZ are: arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, humid, highland zones.
Livestock sub-sector constraints

12. Biophysical/technical constraints
Variability of rainfall, poor soils, scarcity of water
Fragile environments (sahel)
Animal diseases and vectors causing high mortalities and morbidities
Inadequate nutrition
Both quantitatively and qualitatively (moving from drier to wetter agro-ecological zones)
Highly adapted, but low productive livestock species
Feed: more acutely felt in drier regions (insufficient forages)
Animal health: diseases may result in losses in excess of US$ 4 billion!
Genotype: It is important to improve genetic resources, but indigenous germplasm should also be conserved.
Policy: Bias towards urban consumers, excessive regulations.
NARS and Extension services have been experiencing budgetary constraints.
AEZ are: arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, humid, highland zones.
Biophysical/technical constraints

13. Policy and institutional constraints
Fragmented policy approaches (conflicting in some cases)
Bias towards urban consumers
Excessive regulations
Weak policy formulation and planning capacities
Weak M & E, statistical databases
Weak implementation capacities of policies, laws, regulations and standards
Weak institutions (vet. services, extension and research)
Weak institutional linkages/coordination mechanisms esp. research-extension-farmer linkages
Feed: more acutely felt in drier regions (insufficient forages)
Animal health: diseases may result in losses in excess of US$ 4 billion!
Genotype: It is important to improve genetic resources, but indigenous germplasm should also be conserved.
Policy: Bias towards urban consumers, excessive regulations.
NARS and Extension services have been experiencing budgetary constraints.
AEZ are: arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, humid, highland zones.
Policy and institutional constraints

14. Limited access to resources & services
Increasing shortage of communal grazing lands (including skewed access to common property rights)
Access to adequate water
Limited
Access to financial services
Access to effective extension services
Access to veterinary services
Farm inputs for livestock production (AI, feed additives etc)
Feed: more acutely felt in drier regions (insufficient forages)
Animal health: diseases may result in losses in excess of US$ 4 billion!
Genotype: It is important to improve genetic resources, but indigenous germplasm should also be conserved.
Policy: Bias towards urban consumers, excessive regulations.
NARS and Extension services have been experiencing budgetary constraints.
AEZ are: arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, humid, highland zones.
Limited access to resources & services

15. Market related constraints
Restricted market access
No real markets outside own communities
Limited to local markets
Limited access to international markets due to high technical requirements
High transaction costs
Lack of market information
Poor infrastructure
roads, marketing points, etc
conservation and processing infrastructure
Feed: more acutely felt in drier regions (insufficient forages)
Animal health: diseases may result in losses in excess of US$ 4 billion!
Genotype: It is important to improve genetic resources, but indigenous germplasm should also be conserved.
Policy: Bias towards urban consumers, excessive regulations.
NARS and Extension services have been experiencing budgetary constraints.
AEZ are: arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, humid, highland zones.
Market related constraints

16. Strategies for the livestock sector
Enhance livestock’s role in agricultural intensification while promoting market-based livestock “development”
semi-arid, sub-humid, highlands
Protect vulnerable livelihoods in marginal areas
arid and drier parts of semi-arid zones
Improved & strengthened policy analysis and implementation capacities (national and regional levels) underpin the above strategies
Strategies for the livestock sector

17. Areas of potential use of strategies
Length of growing period (days)
Strategy 2
Strategy 1
Areas of potential use of strategies

18. Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (1)
Objective
Enhance input functions of livestock within the crop-livestock system to expand and increase agricultural production, while promoting market based livestock development
Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (1)

19. Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (1)
Rationale
Low productivity of crop agriculture
High prevalence of hand labour
Low level of mechanization
Prevalence of vector-borne and parasitic diseases (tryps., tick-borne diseases)
Poor soils and low levels of organic matter content
Production models and agribusiness (emergence of supermarkets)
New and old competition in particular competition with imports
Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (1)

20. Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (2)
Priority actions
Development of means to increase sustainable productivity of infertile, fragile soils
Facilitate technology transfer for e.g.:
Animal-based mechanisation
Control diseases that limit productivity (tsetse, other parasitic diseases)
Improvement of productive potential of indigenous breeds while taking advantage of positive traits
Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (2)

21. Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (3)
Priority actions
Development of infrastructure for transportation, processing and marketing
Facilitate access to inputs and services (e.g. credit)
Adaptation and adoption of technology
Development of equitable market policies that favor smallholder investment
Control diseases that limit market access both regionally and internationally (e.g. CBPP, FMD)
Develop adapted sanitary and technical standards and deepening regional trade agreements within Africa
Strategy 1 - semi-arid and sub-humid zones (3)

22. Strategy 1 – highland zones (1)
Rationale
Agricultural systems reached relatively high level of intensification and complementarities
Still have potential for expanding livestock productivity
Possess strong and expanding markets for meat and milk
Strategy 1 – highland zones (1)

23. Strategy 1 – highland zones (2)
Priority actions
Increasing feed production e.g. use of higher yielding legumes, forages, encouraging development of commercial feed industry, etc
Development of practical technologies to control tick borne diseases
Improvement of animal health services
Improvement of genotypes esp. for milk production through AI
Improvement of infrastructure for transportation, processing and marketing
Strategy 1 – highland zones (2)

24. Strategy 2 – arid and drier semi –arid zones
Rationale
Limited potential for increasing livestock productivity, hence protection of vulnerable livelihoods
Livelihoods under growing threats (encroachment)
High production and market risks
Vulnerability (disease, drought)
Low potential and low market access offer little scope for intensification
Degradation of fragile environments
Strategy 2 – arid and drier semi –arid zones

25. Strategy 2 – arid and drier semi –arid zones (2)
Priority actions
Facilitate empowerment, partnerships, control of and access to assets and resources, safety nets
Controlling of animal diseases that threaten livelihoods
Create institutions for the management of the environment (common property resources)
Developing practicable and economic systems for delivering animal health services
Facilitate alternative livelihood strategies – diversification of livelihoods
Strategy 2 – arid and drier semi –arid zones (2)

26. Strategies for intensive commercial systems
Priority actions
Issues related to lowering cost of production
Feed supply
Infrastructure
Policies
Credit
Strategies for intensive commercial systems

27. Priorities for Research
Priority actions
Policies and institutional arrangements
Feed
Animal health
Genetic improvement
Farming systems and livestock management
Natural resource management related to livestock
Priorities for Research