1. Cardiovascular System
Chapter 5
Cardiovascular System

2. Word Parts Card/o, cardi/o = Arteri/o = Capill/o = Phleb/o, ven/o =
Hem/o, hemat/o =
Angi/o =
Aort/o =

3. Ather/o =
Coron/o =
Erythr/o =
Leuk/o =
Thromb/o =
Brady- =
-emia =
Tachy- =

4. Functions Efficient pumping and delivery system
Supply body tissues with oxygen and nutrients
Transport waste products for

5. Structures The heart Located between the lungs and above the diaphragm
Hollow muscular organ about 5 ½” long and 3 ½” wide
Will vary with a person’s body size
The heart is the pump to maintain blood circulation
Connects the pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Cardi/o (heart)

13. Pericardium Walls of the heart
A double walled membranous sac that encloses the heart. Peri- (surrounding), -um (pertaining to)
Walls of the heart
Epicardium – external layer and part of the inner layer of the pericardial sac
Myocardium – middle and thickest layer, the heart muscle
Endocardium – the inner layer, is continuous with the linings of the blood vessels attached to the heart

14. Blood supply – 5 – 6 Liters in adults
Myocardium beats constantly
Requires a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients
Requires constant removal of waste
The coronary arteries and veins perform this function
Interruption of supply causes tissue death in affected area

15. Heart Chambers Atria Ventricles
The heart is divided into left and right sides subdivided into four chambers.
Atria
The two upper chambers of the heart, separated by the interatrial septum, receive blood from the veins. Atri/o (atrium)
Ventricles
The two lower chambers, the pumping chambers that force blood out of the heart into the lungs or the rest of the body. The walls are thick because they pump blood longer distances.

16. Heart Valves
The opening between the atrium and ventricle on each side is controlled by a valve. Valv/o, valvul/o (valve)
Tricuspid – controls the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar – between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Mitral valve or bicuspid valve – between the left atrium and left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve – between the left ventricle and the aorta.

19. Flow of blood through the heart
IVC/SVC
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta

20. Pulmonary circulation
The blood flow out of the heart from the right ventricle and through the pulmonary arteries. Here arteries carry oxygen poor blood.
In the lungs, carbon dioxide is exchanged in the alveoli for oxygen. The pulmonary veins carry the oxygen rich blood into the left atrium.

21. Systemic circulation
Blood flow to all parts of the body except the lungs.
Oxygen rich blood flows out of the left ventricle into arterial circulation
Returns by venous circulation as oxygen poor blood into the right atrium

23. Heartbeat – The Electrical System
Electrical impulses stimulate the muscular tissue of the heart controlling the rate and regularity of the heartbeat. To pump effectively the beating must be synchronized accurately. The electrical impulses are controlled by the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and bundle of His.

25. Electrical waves Heart sounds
Show the activity of the electrical system. Recorded by an EKG or monitor
P wave – the contraction of the atria
QRS complex – the contraction of the ventricles
T wave – the relaxation of the ventricles
Heart sounds
Lubb sound – from the closing of the valves between the atria and ventricles
Dupp sound – from the closing of the valves in the aorta and the pulmonary arteries.

26. The Blood Vessels - Arteries
Large elastic vessels
Carry blood away from the heart under high pressure
High in oxygen which gives it the bright red color. Arteri/o (artery)
EXCEPT PULMONARY ARTERY

27. Arteries Arteries have 3 layers, are muscular & elastic
Expand with the pumping of the heart
Endoarterial – interior lining of an artery
Aorta begins at the left ventricle
Coronary arteries supply the myocardium
Arterioles - smaller branches of arteries

29. Capillaries Microscopic vessels One epithelial cell thick
Connect the arterial and venous systems

30. Capillaries Blood flow is slower in the capillaries to allow:
exchange of oxygen nutrients
waste between the tissue fluids and surrounding cells.
CO2 from cells to lungs

31. Veins Venules – come from capillaries and merge to form veins
Vena cava – two large veins that enter the heart
Superior – brings blood from the top part of the body
Inferior – brings blood from the lower part of the body

32. Veins Return waste filled blood to the heart.
Have thinner walls and are less elastic than arteries.
Contractions of the skeletal muscles cause the blood to flow through the veins to the heart.
Veins have valves that allow blood flow only toward the heart and prevent backflow.

35. Pulse & Blood pressure
Pulse – the expansion and contraction of an artery from the pressure of the blood moving through the artery
Blood pressure – the measurement of the amount of pressure exerted against the inner walls of the blood vessels.

36. Blood Pressure (cont.)
Blood pressure – written as systolic over diastolic.
Systolic – occurs when the ventricles contract Work period
Diastolic – occurs when the ventricles are relaxed. Rest period

37. Blood
55% = plasma 45% = formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets) RBC = Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes WBC = White Blood Cells - Leukocytes Platelets = Thrombocytes

38. Plasma
The straw colored fluid that transports nutrients, hormones and waste. 91% water and 9% plasma proteins
Serum is the plasma with the clotting proteins removed. Ser/o (serum)
Fibrinogen and prothrombin – two of the clotting proteins found in plasma. Necessary for clot formation to control bleeding.

39. Reticulocyte – immature RBC
Plasma (cont)
Hemoglobin – the iron containing pigment of the RBC carries oxygen to the tissues
Reticulocyte – immature RBC

40. Erythrocytes (RBC’s) Mature red blood cells
Produced in the red bone marrow
Tiny disks thin in the center and thick on their rims
This design provides an increased surface area the allow gases (oxygen) to pass

42. Leukocytes – WBC’s
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte

43. Leukocytes – WBC’s Neutrophil – most common Basophil – Least common
Phagocytosis
Immune system defense against pthogens
Basophil – Least common
Responsible for symptoms of allergies
Eosinophil -
Destroy parasitic organisms
Role in allergic reaction

44. Leukocytes – WBC’s (cont)
Monocyte – Also use phagocytosis
Cleans blood
Provides immune defense
Lymphocyte – Identify intruders
Produce antibodies specific to that antigen

45. Thrombocytes (platelets)
Also called platelets
The smallest elements in the blood
Important in the formation of blood clots.

46. Blood Types Four main blood types:AB O
A and/or B antigen on the cell determine the blood type.
Type O has neither the A or B antigen.
Accurate blood typing is essential in order for blood to be given safely.

47. Blood Types (cont) Rh Factor
Type O is considered the universal donor
Type AB is the universal receiver
Rh Factor
Another antigen present in the RBC’s of most people
If present; person is positive
If not; negative
Blood Gases (ABG)
The gas dissolved in the plasma of the blood. The gases are oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

48. Pathology
Atherosclerosis – hardening of the arteries due to buildup of cholesterol. Ather/o (plaque or fatty substance.

49. Angina Pectoris – chest pain usually due to interference with the supply of oxygen to the myocardium.
Myocardial infarction – MI (heart attack);
occlusion of a coronary artery resulting in an infarct (localized area of necrosis caused by an interruption of the blood supply) of the affected myocardium.
Congestive heart failure – inability of cardiac output to meet the body’s needs for oxygen and nutrients. Because of the reduced blood flow the kidneys keep more fluid in the body and the fluid builds in the legs, ankles and lungs.

50. Carditis –
Endocarditis –
Myocarditis –
Pericarditis –

51. Rapid random ineffective contraction of the heart
Fibrillation
Rapid random ineffective contraction of the heart
Atrial – irregular quivering of the atria and very rapid ventricular heartbeat
Ventricular – irregular contraction of the ventricles and is fatal unless reversed by electric defibrillation.

52. Angionecrosis –
Angiostenosis-
Hypoperfusion – deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part
Perfusion – the flow of blood through the vessels of an organ

53. Aneurysm
Localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery
Named for the involved blood vessels.

54. Arteriosclerosis Hardening of the arteries
Raynaud’s phenomenon – intermittent attacks of pallor (paleness), cyanosis (blue color) and redness of the fingers and toes

55. Varicose veins
Abnormally swollen veins usually in the leg

56. Thrombosis – abnormal condition in which a thrombus (blood clot) develops within the blood vessel
Embolus – a foreign object such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood
Embolism – blockage of a vessel by an embolus.

57. Septicemia – blood poisoning – presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganism or their toxins in the blood
Hyperlipidemia – elevated plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins.
Leukopenia – abnormal decrease in the number of WBC’s
Hypertension –
Angiography - X-ray study of blood vessels
Vasodilator -

58. Septicemia – blood poisoning – presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganism or their toxins in the blood.
Cholesterol – are lipids (fatty substances) that travel in the blood in lipoproteins. We need cholesterol for good health. Problems begin when the levels are excessive.
LDL – bad cholesterol – high quantities lead to plaque buildup in the arteries.
HDL – good cholesterol – carries needed cholesterol back to the liver for processing.

59. Triglycerides – combination of fatty acids attached to glycerol normally found in the blood
Hyperlipidemia – elevated plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins.
Thrombocytopenia – abnormal decrease in the number of platelets
Leukopenia – abnormal decrease in the number of WBC’s
Leukemia – malignancy characterized by a progressive increase of abnormal leukocytes

60. Hypertension
Essential – also called primary or idiopathic (unknown cause) is consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown origin. Normal 120/80, mild hypertension is 140/90
Secondary – results from another condition such as kidney disease.
Malignant – shown by sudden onset of severely elevated blood pressure

61. Diagnostic Procedures
Angiography – radiographic study of blood vessels after injection of contrast medium. X-ray study of blood vessels. Angiogram – is the resulting film
Cardiac catheterization – x-ray study where a catheter is passed into a vein or artery, guided to the heart to detect pressures and patterns of blood flow

62. Electrocardiogram – EKG, ECG – record of the electrical activity of the myocardium
Holter monitor – 24 hour EKG worn by the patient
Stress tests – assess cardiovascular function during and after physical stress
Echocardiography – use of ultrasound to evaluate heart structures and blood flow through the heart.

63. Homework
Matching Word Parts 1, 2, & 3
Challenge Word Building