1. Chapter 2: Promoting and Preserving Your Psychological Health
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2. Learning Outcomes
Define each of the four components of psychological health, and identify the basic traits shared by psychologically healthy people.
Discuss the roles of self-efficacy and self-esteem, emotional intelligence, personality, and happiness in psychological well-being.
Describe and differentiate psychological disorders, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, personality disorders, and schizophrenia, and explain their causes and treatments.
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3. Learning Outcomes (cont.)
Discuss risk factors and possible warning signs of suicide, as well as actions that can be taken to help a person contemplating suicide.
Explain the different types of treatment options and professional services available to those experiencing mental health problems.
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4. What Is Psychological Health?
Psychological health is the sum of how we think, feel, relate, and exist in our day-to-day lives.
It includes mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions.
It is easier to define what psychological health is not, rather than what it is. Ask students to come up with their definitions for both psychological health and ill-health.
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5. Psychological Health
It is easier to define what psychological health is not, rather than what it is. Ask students to come up with their definitions for both psychological health and ill-health.
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6. What Is Psychological Health (cont.)
Most experts identify basic elements of psychologically healthy people:
They feel good about themselves.
They feel comfortable with other people and feel respect and compassion for others.
They are self-compassionate.
They control tension and anxiety.
They meet the demands of life.
They curb hate and guilt.
They maintain a positive outlook.
They value diversity.
They appreciate and respect the world around them.
Maslow's basic needs slide soon, but now is a good time to ask students to rank the basic needs they have and then to compare the two lists.
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7. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
These five components are inter-related and dynamic. As with the dimensions of physical wellness, if one of the dimensions of psychological health is out of balance and it can affect the others.
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8. Mental Health
A mentally healthy person perceives life in realistic ways, can adapt to change, can develop rational strategies to solve problems, and can carry out personal and professional responsibilities.
Psychological health is the sum of how we think, feel, relate, and exist in our day-to-day lives. Our thoughts, perceptions, emotions, motivations, interpersonal relationships, and behaviors are a product of our experiences and the skills we have developed along the way to meet life's challenges and positive steps you can take to enhance psychological well-being.
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9. Emotional Health
Emotional health refers to the feeling, or subjective, side of psychological health.
Emotions are intensified feelings or complex patterns of feelings that include love, hate, frustration, anxiety, and joy.
Emotionally healthy people respond appropriately to upsetting events; in contrast, emotionally unhealthy people are more likely to let their feelings overpower them.
Ask students to describe inappropriate responses to upsetting events and write them on the board. Problem solve to turn these inappropriate ways into more appropriate responses.
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10. Emotional Health (cont.)
Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to identify, use, understand, and manage one's emotions in a positive and constructive manner.
It consists of self-awareness, self-management, relationship management, and social awareness.
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11. Characteristics of Psychologically Healthy and Unhealthy People
Ask students to identify where they are on this continuum and how they can move in a more positive direction.
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12. Social Health
Socially healthy individuals enjoy a wide range of interactions with family, friends, and acquaintances and are able to have healthy interactions with an intimate partner.
They can listen, express themselves, and form healthy attachments.
They act in socially acceptable and responsible ways and find the best fit for themselves in society.
Since the focus of this text is on self-assessment and positive change, ask students to evaluate their family and then friend relationships. How do they manage conflict? Could their ability to listen and talk be improved?
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13. Social Health (cont.)
Social bonds reflect the level of closeness and attachment we develop with individuals.
Social support refers to the networks of people and services with whom you interact and share social connections.
Ties can be tangible support and intangible support.
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14. Spiritual Health
Spirituality is broader in meaning than religion and is defined as an individual's sense of peace, purpose, and connection to others, and the beliefs about the meaning in life.
It goes beyond material values and is practiced in many ways.
Spiritual health refers to the sense of belonging to something greater than physical or personal dimensions of existence.
According to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), spirituality is broader in meaning than religion and is defined as an individual's sense of purpose and meaning in life; it goes beyond material values.
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15. Factors That Influence Psychological Health
Family
Support system
Community
Self-efficacy and self-esteem
Learned helplessness versus learned optimism
Personality
Life span and maturity
If any of these components is negatively affecting psychological health, create lists for how this can be overcome or managed.
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16. The Mind-Body Connection
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is the study of the brain and behavior and how they affect the body's immune system.
Happiness is a collective term for several states in which individuals embrace the world around them.
Hopefulness, optimism, and contentment appear to reduce the risk of some chronic diseases.
A good exercise here is to get students to create a continuum for each of these dimensions–happiness, hopefulness, optimism and contentment. Have them mark where they are in relationship to the concept but tell them they must make a decision and cannot put themselves in the middle.
Now ask them to list positive factors above each line that help them maintain that place and negative items below the line that are holding them back. How can they move these negative items into the positive column?
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17. Strategies to Enhance Psychological Health
Develop a support system.
Complete required tasks.
Form realistic expectations.
Make time for you.
Maintain physical health.
Examine problems and seek needed help.
Get adequate sleep.
Use PERMA.
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18. PERMA
PERMA is an acronym representing five elements of well-being to help humans flourish.
Positive emotions: engage in behaviors that bring you joy; be kind and curious
Engagement: adopt mindfulness; invest time in activities that absorb you
Relationships: build new relationships and deepen existing ones
Meaning: consider your legacy
Achievement: set realistic goals and pursue them; put for effort
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19. When Psychological Health Deteriorates
Stress, abusive relationships, anxiety, loneliness, financial upheavals, and other trauma can derail coping resources.
Mental illnesses are disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling, moods, and behaviors and cause varying degrees of impaired functioning in daily living.
Everyone suffers from bouts of mild depression at some time or another. The key to moving forward is the ability to recognize that this is temporary, this will pass and the individual has control.
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20. Mental Health Threats to College Students
Mental health problems are common among college students and appear to be increasing.
Most common disorders among students are mood disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and schizophrenia.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is another growing mental health concern for students.
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21. Mental Health Concerns of American College Students, Past 12 Months
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22. Mood Disorders
Chronic mood disorders are disorders that affect how you feel, such as persistent sadness or feelings of euphoria.
Mood disorders include:
major depression
dysthymic disorder
bipolar disorder
seasonal affective disorder
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23. Major Depression
Major or clinical depression is severe depression that entails chronic mood disorder, physical effects such as sleep disturbance and exhaustion, and mental effects such as the inability to concentrate.
Major depression affects 6.3 percent of the U.S. population each year.
Discuss differences in depression based on gender. Note that women are more likely to seek help than men and consider how men might be encouraged to change that.
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24. Major Depression (cont.)
Symptoms of major depression:
Sadness and despair
Loss of motivation and interest
Preoccupation with failures
Difficulty concentrating
Loss of sex drive
Sleeping too much or too little; insomnia
Feeling agitated
Withdrawal from friends and family
Diminished or increased appetite
Significant weight loss or weight gain
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25. Depression in College Students
Depression can be a major obstacle to academic success.
Students who have weak communication skills, who find that college isn't what they expected, or who find that people they've known seem different often have difficulties.
Of college students, 12 percent report having been diagnosed with or treated for depression in the past 12 months.
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26. Mood Disorders (cont.)
Dysthymic disorder is a less severe type of depression that is milder, chronic, harder to recognize, and often characterized by fatigue, pessimism, or a short temper.
Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating mania and depression; also called manic depression.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs in the winter months, when sunlight levels are low.
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27. What Causes Mood Disorders?
An interaction between multiple factors including biological differences, hormones, inherited traits, life events, and early childhood trauma
Several types of depression, including bipolar disorder, appear to have a genetic component.
Depression can be triggered by serious loss and severe life events.
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28. Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders are mental illnesses characterized by persistent feelings of threat and worry in coping with everyday problems.
Anxiety disorders are the number one mental health problem in the United States, affecting more than 40 million people in any given year.
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29. Anxiety Disorders (cont.)
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) sufferers are consummate worriers who develop a debilitating level of anxiety.
Panic disorders are characterized by panic attacks, an acute anxiety reaction that brings on an intense physical reaction.
Phobic disorders involve persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation.
In any given year, approximately 10 percent of Americans age 18 and older—or 20.9 million people—suffer from a mood disorder.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a constant sense of worry which may cause restlessness, difficulty in concentrating, tension, and other symptoms.
Panic disorders are severe anxiety reactions in which a particular situation, often for unknown reasons, causes terror.
Phobia is a deep and persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid the source of the fear.
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30. Anxiety Disorders (cont.)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) results in individuals who feel compelled to perform rituals over and over again.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event, such as a natural disaster, serious accident, or combat.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a form of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a collection of symptoms that occur as a delayed response to a serious trauma.
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31. What Causes Anxiety Disorders?
Biology—Some scientists trace the origin of anxiety to the brain and its functioning.
Environment—Anxiety can be a learned response.
Social and cultural roles—These may also be a factor in the risks for anxiety.
Biology: Using sophisticated positronemission tomography (PET) scans, scientists can analyze areas of the brain that react during anxiety-producing events.
Environment: Although genetic tendencies may exist, experiencing a repeated pattern of reaction to certain situations programs the brain to respond in a certain ways.
Social and Cultural Roles: Because men and
women are taught to assume different roles in society
(such as man as protector, woman as victim), women
may find it more acceptable to scream, shake, pass out, and otherwise express extreme anxiety. Men, in contrast,
may have learned to repress such anxieties rather than act on them.
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32. Personality Disorders
Characterized by inflexible patterns of thought and beliefs that lead to socially distressing behavior
Paranoid personality disorder involves pervasive, unfounded suspicion and mistrust of other people, irrational jealousy, and secretiveness.
Narcissistic personality disorder is an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption.
Borderline personality disorder is characterized by impulsiveness and risky behavior such as gambling sprees, unsafe sex, drug use, and daredevil driving.
Symptoms usually appear in men in their late teens or twenties and in women in their late twenties or early thirties.
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33. Schizophrenia Affects about 1 percent of the U.S. population
Characterized by alterations of the senses
Inability to sort incoming stimuli and make appropriate responses
An altered sense of self
Radical changes in emotions, movements, and behaviors
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34. Suicide: Giving Up on Life
Third leading cause of death for 15- to 19-year-olds and the second leading cause of death for 19- to 24-year-olds.
Due to pressures of college life, college students are particularly at risk.
Suicide rates for adults who do not attend college are higher in the general population than among college students.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender students face a unique set of challenges.
Suicide is a difficult topic and the research on it is confusing. In some instances it has been suggested that lecturing on suicide might foster a suicidal individual to action. Certainly, suicides of major popular figures has resulted in a cult following of suicides. The next slides are going to jump forward in the text so that this issue can be handled completely now that it has been introduced.
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35. Warning Signs of Suicide
Recent loss and seeming inability to let go of grief
A history of depression
Change in personality, such as sadness, withdrawal, irritability, anxiety
Change in behavior, such as inability to concentrate, loss of interest
Change in sexual interest
As you go through the warning signs, keep reminding students of help options. If you have a campus health center, it might be a good idea to bring in a counselor and have them explain psych services that are available.
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36. Warning Signs of Suicide (cont.)
Expressions of self-hatred
Change in sleep patterns and/or eating habits
A direct statement about committing suicide
An indirect statement, such as ''You won't have to worry about me any more''
Final preparations
Preoccupations with death themes
Marked change in personal appearance
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37. Preventing Suicide Monitor warning signals. Take threats seriously.
Let the person know how much you care about him or her.
Ask directly, ''are you thinking of hurting or killing yourself?''
Do not belittle the person's feelings.
Help the person think about alternatives to suicide.
Tell your friend's spouse, partner, parents, siblings, or counselor.
Can students think of other things they might consider doing to help someone who may be contemplating suicide?
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38. Seeking Professional Help for Psychological Problems
Seek help if
You feel that you need help or feel out of control
You experience wild mood swings or inappropriate emotions
Your fears or feelings of guilt frequently distract your attention
You begin to withdraw from others
You have hallucinations
You feel inadequate or worthless or that life is not worth living
Your daily life seems to be nothing but a series of repeated crises
You are considering suicide
You turn to drugs or alcohol to escape your problems
You may find some books helpful, but be cautious when turning to self-help books.
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39. Mental Illness Stigma
Stigmas are negative stereotypes about groups of people.
Very few people who suffer with mental illness are dangerous; most live independently and are productive members of society.
The stigma of mental illness often leads to feelings of shame and guilt, loss of self-esteem, and a sense of isolation and hopelessness.
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40. Getting Evaluated for Treatment
If you are considering treatment for psychological problems, have a credentialed health professional conduct a thorough examination consisting of
A physical checkup
A psychiatric history
A mental status examination
Once physical factors are ruled out, you may decide to consult a psychological health professional.
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41. Mental Health Professionals
Questions to ask the therapist and yourself include the following:
Can you interview the therapist before starting treatment?
Do you like the therapist as a person?
Is the therapist watching the clock or easily distracted?
Does the therapist demonstrate professionalism?
Will the therapist help you set your goals and timetables?
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42. Mental Health Professionals
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43. What to Expect in Therapy
The first visit is a verbal and mental sizing up between you and the therapist.
Before meeting, briefly explain your needs. Ask about fees.
The therapist will want to take down your history and details about the problems that have brought you to therapy.
Be open and honest.
Do not expect the therapist to tell you what to do or how to behave.
The responsibility for improved behavior lies with you.
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44. What to Expect in Therapy (cont.)
Treatment models:
Psychodynamic therapy focuses on the psychological roots of emotional suffering.
Interpersonal therapy focuses on social roles and relationships.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on the impact of thoughts and ideas on feelings and behaviors.
Identify which of the professionals can prescribe medications in your state.
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45. Pharmacological Treatment
Psychotherapeutic treatment may include psychotropic drugs.
Side effects may include dry mouth, headaches, nausea, sexual dysfunction, and weight gain, among others.
Potency, dosage, and side effects of drugs can vary greatly even within the same drug category.
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