1. Canadian Peacekeeping
member of 2nd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment serving with the UN peacekeeping mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
Canadian Peacekeepers board flight
Canadian Peacekeepers
United Nations peacekeeping soldier from the Canadian Battalion, part of the United Nations Support Mission in Haiti
It’s What We Do

2. Original Purpose to resolve conflict b/w states
First used in the Middle East
Fist used by UN in 1956 – Suez Crisis
deploys unarmed and lightly armed troops from various countries b/w the forces of conflicting parties
Ceasefire in place
Conflicting parties agreed to UN involvement
Peacekeepers not part of conflict
Maintained ceasefire
give_peace_a_chance_by_lucacix

3. Increased Demand Increased after Cold War 35 peace missions since 1990
By the mid-1990’s
Almost 80,000 peacekeepers deployed
Not just UN anymore
Now includes NATO, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and Organization for African Unity
King's Own Calgary Regiment – peacekeeprs
Kyrgyz soldiers take care of an Uzbek refugee baby in the southern Kyrgyz
African Union peacekeepers and Sudan Liberation Army soldiers patrolled the remains of a market Thursday in Muhagiriya, a town the government reportedly attacked in Darfur

4. New Type of Peacekeeping
often creating peace within states during civil war (“peacemaking”)
Fighting spread throughout entire territory, not just in specific locations
New Roles:
Training/restructuring local police
De-mining
Running elections
Supervising return of refugees
Monitoring human rights
Demobilizing and reintegrating former soldiers
Relief supply distribution
Promote democracy and economic development

5. Humanitarian Intervention
Armed intervention to protect human rights
Controversy over intervening without consent
Human rights are important
State sovereignty is important
Which is more important is the question?
I don't know - child

6. Canadian Peacekeepers Overseas
Served in Cyprus, the Middle East, Bosnia, Haiti, Cambodia, El Salvador, and Angola
As of 2004, Canadians were involved in 14 peacekeeping missions
In: Europe, Africa, Asia, South America, and the Middle East
Overall, 107 Canadian peacekeepers have been killed
African villagers greet a Canadian peacekeeper

7. Persian Gulf War ( )
Saddam Hussein claimed Kuwait traditionally belonged to Iraq
claimed Kuwait was siphoning off Iraqi oil
Massed troops along border with Kuwait
Iraq had strongest military in the region
Felt no one would intervene
Aug. 8 - Invaded Kuwait; annexed it, calling it the 19th province
Occupation forced soon numbered 300,000
Hussein also engaged in a genocide of Kurdish people in northern Iraq
Saddam Hussein
Iraqi soldiers retreating from Kuwait in 1991

8. Response Un condemns Iraq’s actions Imposed economic boycotts
Led by G.W. Bush Sr.
Imposed economic boycotts
Didn’t work
Operation Desert Storm
UN authorized use of force
Led by US
Canada supplied ships and planes to patrol Persian Gulf
Forces bombed Baghdad
4 day ground campaign drove Iraqi’s out of Kuwait
Ceasefire in 1991
Kuwait_burn_oilfield – Iraqi forces burn oil fields as they retreat
Kuwait's oil wells ignited by retreating Iraqi's in Operation Desert Storm, F-15's and 16's flying overhead
U.S. Army - Operation Desert Storm. Circa Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Iraqi Desert

9. Bosnia, 1992-1995 Yugoslavia was comprised of many ethnic groups
Bosnia desired independence
Civil war b/w: Serbs (Orthodox), Bosnians (Muslim), and Croats (Catholic)
Bosnians and Croats were targets of ethnic cleansing
UN peacekeeping mission set up in Sarajevo
On arrival faced full-scale warfare
Task was to open way for convoys carrying food and medical supplies
UN established “safe areas” for Bosnians
Attacked and overrun by Serbs
Canadian soldiers attacked
Launched assault to reoccupy ceasefire zone
Worst Canadian battle since Korean War
Lesson: peacekeeping should be carried out by combat- trained, well equipped troops
July 11, 1995: Bosnian Serbs, under General Ratko Mladic, captured the UN 'safe area' of Srebrenica.

10. Canadian soldiers assuming responsibility for the Psychiatric Hospital in Fojnica, Bosnia
bosnian-war-destruction
Srebrenica genocide mass grave at Pilica farm, twenty feet deep and a hundred feet long
Budak mass grave in the Srebrenica Municipality on July 12, 2005, in Bosnia Herzegovina - victim remains

11. Somalia, 1992 (Not Our Finest Hour)
900 soldiers of Canadian Airborne Regiment (CAR) sent in
Country suffering from famine and civil war with no gov’t
Gangs terrorized country and disrupted food distribution
Events that damaged Canada's reputation:
Shooting of Somali intruders at Canadian compound
Beating death of teenager in CAR custody
Torture and murder of teenager
One soldier took trophy pictures
Withholding and altering of information (cover-up)
Somalia-1992-Child-starved-by-famine-a-man-made-weapon-of-mass
SOMALIA, BUR AKABA. Feeding center for the persons displaced by the civil war in July 1992
SOMALIA, MOGADISHU. Pakistani soldiers under UN mandate open fire on protestors against the presence of foreign troops in July 1993

12. NATO Bombing of Kosovo, 1995
Kosovo small independent state within Yugoslavia
Yugoslav troops move to Kosovo border and begin ethnic cleansing of Kosovars
NATO (including Canada) forces began bombing campaign of Yugoslav communications and military targets
UN didn’t authorize military action
Planned to launch land offensive
Serbian President agreed to ceasefire
NATO troops enter Kosovo to maintain peace
All Yugoslav forces had left Kosovo by 1999
nato-bombs-convoy - Kosovo bombing
NATO-bombing-of-Belgrade

13. Rwanda, 1993-1996 Belgian colonial rule from WWI to 1960’s
Three ethnic groups:
Tutsi – 15%
Hutu – 84%
Twa – 1%
Divisions originally referred to economic status
Hutus and Tutsis descend from a common group who raised cattle when Rwanda was first settled
Those with more cattle were called “Tutsi”, everyone else was called “Hutu” (categories could be changed through marriage or getting more cattle)
Twa were a small hunter-gatherer goup
European colonization solidified these groups into racial classes (first by Germany then Belgium)
Tutsis were favoured as they were thought to have more European characteristics (lighter skin and taller stature)
Belgians required id cards identifying holder as either Tutsi, Hutu, or Twa.
Tutsi given preferential treatment
Hutus severely oppresses
Hutus formed party to fight for rights
Began killing Tutsi (20,000 killed, 300,000 fled)
Rwanda gained independence in 1962
Hutu party won election
1 July Independence of the Republic of Rwanda.

14. Civil War Tutsi formed rebel force - Rwandan Patriotic Front
Attempt invasion
President Habyarimana’s French allies send support
Thousands killed; millions of refugees
Hutu gov’t decided to retain power by eliminating Tutsi
President Juvenal Habyarimana

15. Catalyst 1994 President Habyarimana’s plane shot down by 2 rockets
Used as excuse to launch genocide against Tutsi
Habyarimana plane-crash, 1994

16. Genocide
Began April 6, 1994
Lasted 100 days
Killings began in the capital, Kigali; led by the Interahamwe (“those who fight/strike/attack together”)
Anti-Tutsi youth organization of Hutu extremists
Gov’t sponsored radio encouraged people to kill neighbours
Referred to Tutsi’s as “cockroaches”
Those who didn’t kill were often killed
Mostly unarmed civilians in villages
Men, women, children
Many hacked to death with machetes
Rape and mutilation was common
rwandan_genocide survivor
Rwandan-Genocide

17. Genocide Cont.
Those hiding in churches and schools massacred by Hutu gangs
Some clergy were victims
Some clergy members were involved
Extremists would not allow Tutsis to be buried
They were left lying on the ground
Many thrown into rivers, lakes, and streams
Number of Tutsi killed range from 500,000 – 1 million (800,000 is most accepted #)
No records were kept
rwanda genocide
rwanda genocide 1
rwanda-genocide

18. rwanda victims
rwanda genocide skull tomb
Rwanda-memorial
Rwanda Memorial
Rwanda Genocide memorial
Rwanda Genocide memorial 1

19. Un Response UN mission established
Lieutenant-General Romeo Dallaire (Canadian) led peacekeeping force
Mission had weak mandate, and little power
Dallaire was given a force of 3,000 ill equipped peacekeepers
Forbidden from getting involved in conflict
Watched as people were massacred
Romeo Dallaire
Romeo Dallaire at Rwanda Memorial

20. International Community: Big Time Fail
Dallaire received info. from various informants about plans for extermination
Ex. – Register all Tutsi to make extermination easier
Intel of extermination lists
Asked for 2,000 more peacekeepers
After 10 Belgian peacekeepers were killed, UN cut the force from 3,000 to 500
Dallaire and his peacekeepers were ordered to leave Rwanda
He stayed
“The international community didn't give one damn for Rwandans because Rwanda was a country of no strategic importance,”
“…the international community had blood on it’s hands.”

21. “Rwanda will never ever leave me. It's in the pores of my body
“Rwanda will never ever leave me. It's in the pores of my body. My soul is in those hills, my spirit is with the spirits of all those people who were slaughtered and killed that I know of, and many that I didn't know. … Fifty to sixty thousand people walking in the rain and the mud to escape being killed, and seeing a person there beside the road dying. We saw lots of them dying. And lots of those eyes still haunt me, angry eyes or innocent eyes, no laughing eyes. But the worst eyes that haunt me are the eyes of those people who were totally bewildered. They're looking at me with my blue beret and they're saying, "What in the hell happened? We were moving towards peace. You were there as the guarantor" -- their interpretation -- "of the mandate. How come I'm dying here?" Those eyes dominated and they're absolutely right. How come I failed? How come my mission failed? How come as the commander who has the total responsibility-- We learn that, it's ingrained in us, because when we take responsibility it means the responsibility of life and death, of humans that we love.” - Romeo Dallaire

22. Homework
Read pg. 166 (D. International Law) to 168