1. Botany
The Study of Plants

2. What Characteristics do ALL plants share?
Autotrophs- Undergo Photosynthesis
Eukaryotes- has nucleus
Multicellular – more than one cell
Have a Cell Wall (made of cellulose), have stomata, have Chloroplasts and Chlorophyll
Similar cells in the plant make up tissues that perform specific jobs for the plant

4. Origin of Plants
Biologists have learned which organisms are the ancestors of today’s plants by studying fossilized plants.
Scientists have compared chlorophyll (the green substance in plant cells) of ancient algae to today’s plants to show how they are related.

5. What do Plants Need to Live on Land?
Ways to OBTAIN water and nutrients (ROOTS)
Ways to RETAIN water (CUTICLE)
Ways to TRANSPORT water and nutrients (XYLEM and PHLOEM (vascular tissue))
Ways to SUPPORT their bodies
(STEM, XYLEM, PHLOEM)
Ways to REPRODUCE (sperm (pollen) and egg cells (ovules))
Open Books to page

6. Sporophyte
Stage
Gametophyte
Stage

7. The first Terrestrial plants
Mosses and ferns
Mosses don’t have stems so they are very low to the ground

8. The first Terrestrial plants
This is an example of a moss Sporophyte growing out of a moss gametophyte.

9. The first Terrestrial plants
Ferns were more complicated
When the young sporophyte emerges, it is essentially a parasite on the gametophyte until it can grow its first leaf.

10. The first Terrestrial plants
This is the sporophyte stage of the fern with sori (spore cases).

11. Characteristics of Seed Plants
Vascular Tissue (Xylem and Phloem)
Use Seeds to Reproduce
Have Stems, Roots, Leaves
They use the process of photosynthesis
The plants you see are in the sporophyte stage. The gametophyte stage is microscopic.

12. Vascular Tissue

13. SEEDS A seed is a plant structure that contains a young plant inside a protective coating
3 Important Parts
EMBRYO- young plant that develop from the zygote
COTYLEDONS- stored food that the embryo uses before it can make its own
SEED COAT- protective coating that surrounds the embryo

14. What do seeds need to develop into a plant?
Water (first)
Light
Nutrients

15. Seed Dispersal
Animals- eat fruits and deposit seeds or barbs hook onto fur
Water- carries seeds (oceans, rivers)
Wind- carries lightweight seeds
Seeds shot out of the plant

16. Germination Early growth stages of the embryo
Seed absorbs water (first)
Seed coat softens
The embryo uses stored food to begin to grow
Roots grow first
First leaves then emerge
Seeds that are dispersed far away from the parent plant have a better chance to survive

17. Leaves, Stems, Roots Leaves
Photosynthesis occurs here (upper leaf cells - chloroplasts)
Gas and Water Exchange occur here (lower leaf cells - stomata)
Water Exchange = Transpiration
The cuticle, a waxy layer on the leaf’s upper portion helps to reduce evaporation
from the leaf

18. Stems Herbaceous – soft stem. Dandelions, tomatoes, bean, corn, pea
Woody – hard stem.
Oak, maples, birch, black cherry
Cambium- produces new phloem and xylem
Heartwood- xylem that no longer transports water
Pith- stores food and water
Annual Rings- made of xylem cells, width of rings depends on growing conditions each year

19. Roots Anchor plant and absorb water and nutrients
Root cap- dead cells that protect root as it grows through soil and rocks
Fibrous root – several main roots that branch to form a tangled mass
Tap root- 1 main root with thinner roots growing off of it (BEAN)
CARROT
CORN

20. Roots, Stems & Leaves (15 min)

21. Mosses Nonvascular plant Low-growing- grow close to ground
No vascular tissue (no xylem or phloem)
No roots, stems, or leaves
Live where there is a lot of water

22. Ferns Seedless Vascular Plant Grow taller than mosses
Use spores to reproduce
Grow in moist surroundings
Have roots, stems, leaves

23. Gymnosperms “Naked” Seeds Needle or scale like leaves
Deep growing root systems
Conifers - 1 type of gymnosperm, cone-bearing, most diverse type

24. Types of Gymnosperms
Cycads – Look like palm tree with cones, found in tropical areas
Ginkgos – Only one species exits today, can tolerate air pollution
Gnetophytes – live in very hot deserts
Conifers – Cone bearing plants, keep their needles year round.

25. Conifer Reproduction
Cones- are the reproductive structures that hold the seed
Most conifers produce both male and female cones
Some produce only male or female
Some produce no cones
Male Cones- smaller than female, contain pollen (cells that turn into sperm cells)
Female Cones- contain the ovule which holds the egg cell

26. Immature seeds in this female cone

27. Facts About Cones
Ovules produce a sticky substance that helps to collect pollen
Female cones stay on the tree for 2 years and male cones for 1 year
Female cones with immature seeds point upward
Female cones with mature seeds point downward

28. Gymnosperms
Used to make paper, lumber, cellophane, rosin, rayon, and turpentine

29. Paper Production (5:30 min)

30. Baseball Bats (5:30 min)

31. Baseball Bats (cont)

32. Angiosperms Plants that produce seeds that are enclosed in a fruit
Seeds develop in the ovary
Angiosperms produce flowers and fruit

33. Types of Angiosperms (page 160)
Dicot
2 cotyledons
Leaf has branching veins
Stem has circle of vascular tissue
Flower has petals/sepals in groups of 4 or 5
Tap root
Examples are roses, peanuts, dandelions, oak, maple, beans, apples
Monocot
1 cotyledon
Leaf has parallel veins
Stem has scattered bundles of vascular tissue
Flower has petals/sepals in groups of 3
Fibrous roots
Examples are corn, grasses, wheat, rice, lilies, tulips and coconuts

34. Peanut Seed

35. Structure of Flowers Petals- attract pollinators
(bees and humming birds)
Sepals- protect the developing flower
Stamens- male reproductive parts, made up of 2 parts
Anther- where the pollen is produced
Filament- holds and supports the anther
Pistils- female reproductive parts, made up of 3 parts
Stigma (sticky top),
Style, (tube that leads to the ovary)
Ovary (holds the ovules)

36. What Are the Parts of a Flower?
                                                     

37. Do you know the parts of the flower?

38. Angiosperm Reproduction
Plant produces the flower
Anther produces pollen
Ovary produces egg cells (2)
Pollen is released and Stigma traps it
Pollen produces a pollen tube through the style, into the ovules
Sperm from pollen fertilizes each egg and the embryos develop
Other parts of the ovule develop into the seed coat and cotyledons
Ovary develops into the fruit

39. Angiosperms
Used as an important source of food, clothing, rubber, furniture, and medicine

40. Fruit vs.Vegetable What is the difference you may ask????
Fruits are the edible part of a plant developed from a flower and contain seeds
Vegetables are the edible parts of a plant such as roots, stems or leaves.

41. Fruit or Veggie????? fruit veggie veggie veggie fruit veggie veggie

42. Flowers and Fruits
Guess the fruit that comes from these flowers……………………..
PUMPKIN

43. Guess the Fruit
EGGPLANT

44. Guess the Fruit
ZUCCHINI

45. Guess the Fruit
PEPPERS

46. Guess the Fruit
Tomato

47. Plant Responses and Growth
Tropism- plant’s response to a stimulus
Stimulus can be-
Touch – Thigmotropism (Venus flytrap, climbing plants)
Light- Phototropism- plants grow toward the light (sunflower)
Gravity- Gravitropism- stems grow up and roots grow down

48. Thigmotropism in action
tendril
coiling