1. Byzantines, Russians and Turks
Pamela Hammond
Brantley Co HS Nahunta, GA
The east/west facing eagle shown here was the symbol of the _________ Empire, which grew out of the part of the Roman Empire after the western half was conquered. Symbolized the strategic position of where East meets West.

2. Heavy taxes to rebuild Constantinople
Preserved Greco-Roman Culture
Greek instead of Latin
Religious Art: icons, illustrated manuscripts, mosaics
Missionaries spread Xnity & Byz culture to Slavs & Russians
Cyril & Methodius Alphabet
Women confined/ vailed
ECON: crossroads Emperors controlled prices, industries, stole silk worms from China/ rural econ-farmers still used slow oxcart/plow
Golden Age
Justinian’s Code
Women/slaves ordinary people protected
Civil laws
Heavy taxes to rebuild Constantinople
Hagia Sophia
Belasarius-Reconq. much of old Rm Emp
Theodora set precedent-women rule with husband
Invasions: Germans: Italy, Sp, N. Africa, Arabs: N. Africa, Seljuk Turks: much of Anatolia, & Fert. Crescent, Ottoman Turks-1453
Plagues every 8-12 years
Inefficient emperors
Crusaders Latin Empire
Mongol invasions of Russia—trade weakened
Called by Constantine 325
Settle disputes over doctrine
Question on nature of Jesus (human  divine or just divine)
Estab Holy Trinity
Schism btw Rm & Eg. Bishops (Coptic)
Evaluated role of Mary & Mary Magadaline (prostitute)
392 Olympics banned
730—Iconoclasts—Leo III—back 843

4. Head: Pope
HQ: Rome/ Vatican
Head: Patriarch
HQ: Constantinople
Language: Latin
Power: Pope’s authority over all church matters & all kings and emperors (papal primacy)
Priests: may NOT marry
Divorce: NOT permitted
Icons: permitted
Bible: “Western Bible”
Greek / Vernacular
Patriarch shares power with other clergy—no power over emperors
May marry
Divorce: Permitted
Icons at 1st seen as idolatry later allowed
Add’l books to Western Bible

5. The Primary Causes of the East-West Schism of 1054*
Eastern Church
Western Church
POLITICAL RIVALRY
Byzantine Empire
Holy Roman Empire
CLAIMS OF PAPACY
Patriarch of Constantinople was considered second in primacy to the bishop of Rome.
Bishop of Rome claimed supremacy over entire church.
THEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Stagnated after Council of Chalcedon.
Continued to change and grow through controversies and expansion.
FILIOQUE CONTROVERSEY
Declared that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father.
Declared that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son.
ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY
Engaged in 120-year dispute over the use of icons in worship; finally concluded they could be used (statues prohibited).
Made constant attempts to interfere in what was purely an Eastern dispute (statues permitted).
*from Robert C. Walton. Chronological and Background Charts of Church History. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1986.

6. Located along the Dneiper R—good for trade (Constantinople)
Vladimir converted to Xnity (EOC) 988
Yaroslav the Wise -- Golden Age 1019
-Married female relatives off to expand empire
-Legal code (similar to ___)
-Split empire btw sons
Located around 3 rivers—trade
Duchy of Muscovy
Cooperated with Mongols
Ivan I—The Moneybags
Ivan III, Ivan the Great
Defeated Mongols 1472
Ru 1st empire
Czar
Ivan IV, The Terrible—St. Basil’s
Cultures laid the foundation for Russia
People=Slavs
Ideas from Greeks/Byz—Xnity, art/arch
Vikings conquered
Rurik the Rus invited to rule Kiev
Russia named for
Enslaved, killed pillaged
Fair ruler
Obey few laws
Pay tribute
Conquest hurt Byz Emp when Kiev conquered…trade cut off
Conquest hurt Ru by isolating them from West. Eur.—became stagnant– no Renaissance/Sci Rev

8. The people of Kievan Rus and linked to the Byzantines by way of the Dnieper River and across the Black Sea

10. Seljuk Turks The Conquering Seljuks The Turks Secure Persian Support
• Turks are a nomadic group living along western border of China
• Group led by Turkish family—the Seljuks—seizes Baghdad in 1055
• In 1071 Seljuk sultans crush Byzantine Empire at Battle of Manzikert
• Seljuks take most of Anatolia; bring Turks close to Constantinople
The Turks Secure Persian Support
• Turks seek support of Persians and embrace Persian culture
• Give Persians key posts, including that of vizier, or prime minister
• Adopt Persian language and religion—Islam

11. Seljuks and the Crusades
The Seljuks and the Crusaders
• Crusades begin in 1095—Christians drive Turks out of Anatolia
• In 1099, Crusaders capture Jerusalem; massacre Muslims and Jews
• Fragment of Seljuk Empire fights back, Muslims recover Jerusalem
• Captain Saladin allows Western pilgrims access to Christian holy places

12. Seljuk Turks face the Mongols
Mongol armies under leader Hulagu capture Baghdad in 1258
Hulagu, Genghis Kahn’s grandson, burns palace, kills Abbasid caliph
Ends Turkish rule with much bloodshed