1. CLAUSE: A group of words that contains a subject and predicate.
I and D-Two kinds of clauses.
I=Independent clause; a clause that makes sense independently. Ibsen was a gadfly.
D=Dependent clause (subordinate clause); a clause that does not make sense unless it can “hang on” to an independent clause. If Ibsen was a gadfly...

2. Identify Parts of Sentence, Speech and Clauses:
When Caesar says “Do this,” it is performed.
Parts of conj. N. V V. Pron. Pron. V. V.
Speech:__________________________________________________________________
Parts of Subject predicate D.O Subj. predicate
Sentence:____________________________________________________________________
Clauses:___________________________________________________________________
A complex declarative sentence.

3. Kinds of Dependent Clauses
Adjective Dependent Clause (begin with relative pronouns): “The man who followed you turned left.”
Adverb Dependent Clause (usually begin with subordinating conjunctions): “I jumped when the fish expanded.”
Noun Dependent Clause (may act as direct objects) “I wish that I liked music.”
What is the difference between a clause and a sentence?

4. A syllogism… All sentences contain at least one independent clause.
“All men are created equal” is a sentence.
Therefore, “All men are created equal” contains at least one independent clause.
OR,
No dependent clause is a sentence by itself.
“If you can keep your head” is a dependent clause.
Therefore, “If you can keep your head” is not a sentence.

5. Four Sentence Structures
I: Simple Sentence (I)-One independent clause.: The houses are haunted.
II: Compound Sentence (I+I or I+I+I)-Two or more independent clauses.: “From my mother’s sleep I fell into the State, And I hunched in its belly till my wet fur froze.”

6. ID or DI: (I+D or D+I or D+I+D) Complex sentence-An independent clause joined to a dependent clause, or the other way around.:
“Whenever Richard Cory went down town, We people on the pavement looked at him.”
IID or DII Compound-Complex sentence—Contains both compound structure and complex structure: “The time you won your town the race, We chaired you through the marketplace; Man and boy stood cheering by, And home we brought you shoulder high.”

7. Clause Punctuation
I, ccI (comma before coordinating conjunction in compound sentence)
I;I (semicolon between independent clauses if no coordinating conjunction)
ID (no comma after independent clause in complex sentence)
D,I (comma after dependent clause in complex sentence)

8. Comma Splice Error
The error of joining two independent clauses (I,I) with a comma:
The archaeologist went to Cairo, we went home.
To correct this error insert a coordinating conjunction (like “and”) or change the comma to a semicolon (;).

9. Four Sentence Purposes
Declarative Sentence: Declares or states: I will.
Interrogative Sentence: Asks: “Do I dare to eat a peach?”
Imperative Sentence: Orders/Commands: Go Away. “Do not go gentle into that good night.”
Exclamatory Sentence: Exclaims: I will!