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Nucleic Acids Information storage 2006-2007.

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Presentation on theme: "Nucleic Acids Information storage 2006-2007."— Presentation transcript:

1 Nucleic Acids Information storage

2 Nucleic Acids Function: genetic material stores information
genes blueprint for building proteins DNA  RNA  proteins transfers information blueprint for new cells blueprint for next generation DNA proteins

3 Isn’t this a great illustration!?

4 Nucleic Acids Examples: Structure: RNA (ribonucleic acid)
single helix DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) double helix Structure: monomers = nucleotides DNA RNA

5 Nucleotides 3 parts nitrogen base (C-N ring) pentose sugar (5C)
ribose in RNA deoxyribose in DNA phosphate (PO4) group Nitrogen base I’m the A,T,C,G or U part! Are nucleic acids charged molecules? DNA & RNA are negatively charged: Don’t cross membranes. Contain DNA within nucleus Need help transporting mRNA across nuclear envelope. Also use this property in gel electrophoresis.

6 Animation: DNA and RNA Structure
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

7 Types of nucleotides 2 types of nucleotides different nitrogen bases
Purine = AG Pure silver! 2 types of nucleotides different nitrogen bases purines double ring N base adenine (A) guanine (G) pyrimidines single ring N base cytosine (C) thymine (T) uracil (U)

8 (c) Nucleoside components
NITROGENOUS BASES Figure Pyrimidines Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA) Uracil (U, in RNA) Purines Figure Components of nucleic acids (part 3: nucleoside bases) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) (c) Nucleoside components © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

9 (c) Nucleoside components
Figure SUGARS Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA) Figure Components of nucleic acids (part 4: nucleoside sugars) (c) Nucleoside components © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

10 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nucleotide Polymers Adjacent nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds between the —OH group on the 3 carbon of one nucleotide and the phosphate on the 5 carbon of the next These links create a backbone of sugar-phosphate units with nitrogenous bases as appendages The sequence of bases along a DNA or mRNA polymer is unique for each gene © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 10

11 Dangling bases? Why is this important?
Nucleic polymer Backbone sugar to PO4 bond phosphodiester bond new base added to sugar of previous base polymer grows in one direction N bases hang off the sugar-phosphate backbone Dangling bases? Why is this important?

12 The Structures of DNA and RNA Molecules
RNA molecules usually exist as single polypeptide chains DNA molecules have two polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis, forming a double helix In the DNA double helix, the two backbones run in opposite 5→ 3 directions from each other, an arrangement referred to as antiparallel One DNA molecule includes many genes 12

13 Pairing of nucleotides
Nucleotides bond between DNA strands H bonds purine :: pyrimidine A :: T 2 H bonds G :: C 3 H bonds The 2 strands are complementary. One becomes the template of the other & each can be a template to recreate the whole molecule. Matching bases? Why is this important?

14 H bonds? Why is this important?
DNA molecule Double helix H bonds between bases join the 2 strands A :: T C :: G H bonds = biology’s weak bond • easy to unzip double helix for replication and then re-zip for storage • easy to unzip to “read” gene and then re-zip for storage H bonds? Why is this important?

15 Matching halves? Why is this a good system?
Copying DNA Replication 2 strands of DNA helix are complementary have one, can build other have one, can rebuild the whole when cells divide, they must duplicate DNA exactly for the new “daughter” cells Why is this a good system? Matching halves? Why is this a good system?

16 When does a cell copy DNA?
When in the life of a cell does DNA have to be copied? cell reproduction mitosis gamete production meiosis when cells divide, they must duplicate DNA exactly for the new “daughter” cells Why is this a good system?

17 DNA replication “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.” James Watson Francis Crick 1953 The greatest understatement in biology!

18 Watson and Crick … and others…
1953 | 1962 Watson and Crick … and others… Discovered & published in 1953 Nobel Prize in 1962: Watson, Crick, Wilkins

19 1953 | 1962 Maurice Wilkins… and…

20 Rosalind Franklin ( ) A chemist by training, Franklin had made original and essential contributions to the understanding of the structure of graphite and other carbon compounds even before her appointment to King's College. Unfortunately, her reputation did not precede her. James Watson's unflattering portrayal of Franklin in his account of the discovery of DNA's structure, entitled "The Double Helix," depicts Franklin as an underling of Maurice Wilkins, when in fact Wilkins and Franklin were peers in the Randall laboratory. And it was Franklin alone whom Randall had given the task of elucidating DNA's structure. The technique with which Rosalind Franklin set out to do this is called X-ray crystallography. With this technique, the locations of atoms in any crystal can be precisely mapped by looking at the image of the crystal under an X-ray beam. By the early 1950s, scientists were just learning how to use this technique to study biological molecules. Rosalind Franklin applied her chemist's expertise to the unwieldy DNA molecule. After complicated analysis, she discovered (and was the first to state) that the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA lies on the outside of the molecule. She also elucidated the basic helical structure of the molecule. After Randall presented Franklin's data and her unpublished conclusions at a routine seminar, her work was provided - without Randall's knowledge - to her competitors at Cambridge University, Watson and Crick. The scientists used her data and that of other scientists to build their ultimately correct and detailed description of DNA's structure in Franklin was not bitter, but pleased, and set out to publish a corroborating report of the Watson-Crick model. Her career was eventually cut short by illness. It is a tremendous shame that Franklin did not receive due credit for her essential role in this discovery, either during her lifetime or after her untimely death at age 37 due to cancer.

21 Interesting note… Ratio of A-T::G-C affects stability of DNA molecule
2 H bonds vs. 3 H bonds biotech procedures more G-C = need higher T° to separate strands high T° organisms many G-C parasites many A-T (don’t know why) At the foundation of biology is chemistry!!

22 Another interesting note…
ATP Adenosine triphosphate modified nucleotide adenine (AMP) + Pi + Pi + +

23 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Human Genome Project was effectively completed in the early 2000s An unplanned benefit of the project was the development of faster, less expensive sequencing methods The first human genome took over 10 years to sequence Currently, a human genome could be completed in just a few days © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 23

24 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
MAKE CONNECTIONS: Contributions of Genomics and Proteomics to Biology Figure 3.30 Paleontology Evolution Hippopotamus Short-finned pilot whale Species Interactions Medical Science Conservation Biology Figure 3.30 Make connections: contributions of genomics and proteomics to biology © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

25 DNA and Proteins as Tape Measures of Evolution
The linear sequences of nucleotides in DNA molecules are passed from parents to offspring Two closely related species are more similar in DNA than are more distantly related species Molecular biology can be used to assess evolutionary kinship 25

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