Introduction to Cells The Discovery of the Microscope lead to the discovery of the cell and the cell theory, Why? Cells are microscopic and can not be.

Introduction to Cells The Discovery of the Microscope lead to the discovery of the cell and the cell theory, Why? Cells are microscopic and can not be seen by the naked eye The cell Theory: after numerous observations it was evident that cells were the basic unit of life All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things New cells are produced from existing cells Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes : with or without a nucleus Prokaryotes: cells have genetic material that is not contained in the nucleus. Example: bacteria Usually smaller in size and less complicated Eukaryote: cells contain a nucleus where their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell. Examples: Plant and Animal Cells Can be single or multi cellular Eukaryotic Plant Cell

Prokaryote VS. Eukaryote
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells DNA is NOT contained in a Nucleus DNA is contained in a Nucleus Smaller in Size Larger in Size No Membrane bound Organelles Membrane bound Organelles Have 70s Ribosomes (smaller than eukaryotic cell Ribosomes) Have 80s Ribosomes (larger than Prokaryotic cell Ribosomes Small Circular Chromosomes Large Linear Chromosomes Peptidoglycan Cell wall membrane Ribosome Flagellum DNA Pili Centrioles Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Smooth Mitochondrion Cell Membrane Ribosome (free) (attached) Bacteria Animal and Plant Cells Goal 4.01 Similarities and differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Organisms

Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Nucleus: center of the cell, contains DNA, instructions for the cells structures (proteins) and functions Cytoplasm: liquid mixture, portion of cell outside of the nucleus, contains cells structures that help carry out its functions Organelles:(little organs) small specialized structures within the cell. Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Eukaryotic Cell Organelles Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells
Animal Cell Structures Centrioles Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Smooth Mitochondrion Cell Membrane Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Video Animal Cell Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Plant Cell Structure Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Video of Plant Cell Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Nucleus -The Control Organelle
Cell Protein Synthesis Uses DNA to control what cell proteins are made Usually the largest organelle Only found in Eukaryotic Cells The DNA is contained in chromosomes, Humans have 46 chromosomes DNA is spread out And appears as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Ribosomes - make proteins
Cell Protein Synthesis Can be attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum or float free in the cytoplasm Function- the free floating ribosomes take instructions from DNA to make proteins for use inside the cell where the Ribosomes on the Rough E.R. make proteins for export Cells in the pancreas make insulin which is exported into the blood to regulate blood sugar Found in ALL cells, Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Structure – Ribosomes are made out of rRNA & proteins small subunit large Ribosomes Make Proteins Hemoglobin Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Nucleolus – Ribosome maker
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized from instructions in the DNA. Proteins are assemble with rRNA into large and small ribosomal subunits Subunits exit the nucleolus into the cytoplasm where they are assembled into a ribosome small subunit large rRNA + Proteins Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum “within the cytoplasm” and “little net”
Part of the Endomembrane system – accounts for more than half the total membrane in eukaryotic cells Smooth ER – functions in diverse metabolic processes Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates and detoxification of drugs and proteins Ex. Steroids – vertebrate sex hormones Cells in testes and ovaries are rich in smooth ER Rough ER – produces secretory proteins – differ from the free floating proteins of the free ribosomes Membrane factory

Golgi Apparatus - Logistics
Golgi apparatus is responsible for the manufacturing, warehousing storing and shipping of products of ER Consists of stacks of flattened sacs or cisternae Receives and dispatches vesicles (membrane sacs secreted by the ER)

Lysosomes – Waste Remover
Lysosomes are responsible for the digestion of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into small molecules that can be usd by the rest of the cell Breaking down organelles that are no longer useful

Mitochondrion – makes ATP
Cell Energy Mitochondrion – makes ATP “Powerhouse” of the cell Uses oxygen to break down glucose into cellular energy (ATP) More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose) Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE, looks like a maze, (increases surface area for more chemical reactions) o2 + Burns glucose to release energy (ATP) CO2 H2O Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells ATP

Chloroplasts – make Glucose from Sunlight
Cell Energy Use Carbon Dioxide, Water and Sunlight to make glucose Light Energy from the sun is changed into chemical energy stored in glucose ONLY PLANT cells have chloroplasts, they are filled with chlorophyll, this is what makes them look GREEN Site of PHOTOSYNTHESIS (Making Glucose) Thylakoid stacks (look like pancakes), increase surface area for chemical reactions to happen more efficiently. Stroma: fluid that fills the chloroplast and surrounds the Thylakoid stacks Fluid contains enzymes that help build up the glucose molecule o2 CO2 H2O Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Vacuole– Stores materials
Fluid filled sac for storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes Found only in Eukaryotic Cells Small or absent in animal cells Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole, this helps to give a plant strength and support large leaves or fruits Vacuoles helps maintain (homeostasis) a stable internal environment for the cell. Some aquatic animal cells have contractile vacuoles that pump (squirt) out extra water that enters the cell so it won’t burst Cell Homeostasis Central Vacuole Paramecium Kingdom Protista Plant Cell Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Cell (Plasma) Membrane – regulate what enters and leaves the cell
Cell Membrane: a thin, flexible barrier composed of a double layered sheet called a LIPID BILAYER which provides protection and support to the cell Found in ALL cells, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Composition (made up of): Lipid Bilayer: made up of phospholipids Proteins Channels: act like bridges or pumps to help move large material across the cell membrane Receptor Proteins: Have carbohydrate chains that act as receptor sites to receive chemical messages from hormones Cell Homeostasis Outside of cell Inside (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Receptor Proteins With Carbohydrate chains Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Ribosome: makes proteins for the cell. Found in ALL Cells
Function of Cell Organelles Organelle Function Nucleus: uses DNA to control what cell proteins are made. Found in all Eukaryotic cells Mitochondria: uses oxygen to break down glucose into ATP found in all Eukaryotic cells Ribosome: makes proteins for the cell. Found in ALL Cells Plasma (Cell) Membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Found in ALL Cells Protein channel Lipid bilayer Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes DNA is contained in a Nucleus DNA is NOT contained in a Nucleus Smaller in Size Larger in Size Cell membrane No Membrane bound Organelles Membrane bound Organelles Contain DNA Have 80s Ribosomes Have 70s Ribosomes Have Ribosomes but they are different sizes Small Circular Chromosomes Large Linear Chromosomes Animals, Plants, Protists and Fungi Bacteria Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Endoplasmic reticulum
Animal Cells Plant Cells Cell Wall Centrioles Nucleus Ribosomes Chloroplasts Mitochondria Cell membrane Vacuoles Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Signals Muscle to Contract
Cell Communication Animation Chemical signals may be released by one cell to influence the activity of another cell. A nerve cell sends a signal to tell a muscle cell to contract The nerve cell releases Acetylcholine (a protein made by the rough E.R.) from the cell The Acetylcholine (ACH) has a specific shape that will fit into a receptor protein on the muscle cell that has the complimentary shape The Shape of the protein channel determines what hormone will be received Muscle Cell Membrane Receptor Protein Channel Nerve Cell ACH Signals Muscle to Contract Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Cell Communication-Helps Maintain Homeostasis
Glucose The body uses glucose to make ATP and power cells. The more active you are the more glucose your body needs Cells in the body are signaled to take up glucose The Pancreas is signaled to make insulin After you eat a meal, Blood Sugar is ↑ The liver is signaled to store any extra glucose as Glycogen When blood sugar gets to ↓ the brain sends the pancreas a signal to make Glucagon(protein) This causes the blood glucose to rise, or if you haven’t ate in a while and there is no more glycogen to break down you start to feel hungry Glucose Glucose Glucose Receptor Proteins in the liver are signaled by the Glucagon to start breaking glycogen down into glucose Glycogen Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Structures and Functions of Animal Cells
Cytoplasm: (cells fluid) place where chemical reactions can occur Nucleus: uses DNA to control what cell proteins are made Mitochondria: uses oxygen to break down glucose into ATP Ribosome: makes proteins for the cell Plasma (Cell) Membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell Protein channel Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells Lipid bilayer

The Pancreas is signaled to make insulin
After you eat a meal, Blood Sugar is ↑ Cells in the body are signaled to take up glucose When blood sugar gets to ↓ the brain sends the pancreas a signal to make Glucagon(protein) The body uses glucose to make ATP and power cells. The more active you are the more glucose your body needs Receptor Proteins in the liver are signaled by the Glucagon to start breaking glycogen down into glucose After you eat a meal, Blood Sugar is ↑ The liver is signaled to store any extra glucose as Glycogen When blood sugar gets to ↓ the brain sends the pancreas a signal to make Glucagon(protein) Receptor Proteins in the liver are signaled by the Glucagon to start breaking glycogen down into glucose The body uses glucose to make ATP and power cells. The more active you are the more glucose your body needs The liver is signaled to store any extra glucose as Glycogen After you eat a meal, Blood Sugar is ↑ Cells in the body are signaled to take up glucose After you eat a meal, Blood Sugar is ↑ The Pancreas is signaled to make insulin

Signals Muscle to Contract Signals Muscle to Contract
Receptor Protein Channel Receptor Protein Channel Signals Muscle to Contract Signals Muscle to Contract Receptor Protein Channel Receptor Protein Channel Signals Muscle to Contract Signals Muscle to Contract Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

CO2 small subunit large H2O Outside of cell Inside (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Receptor Proteins With Carbohydrate chains Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Protein channel Lipid bilayer Protein channel Lipid bilayer Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

DNA is NOT contained in a Nucleus Animals, Plants, Protists and Fungi Large Linear Chromosomes Bacteria Small Circular Chromosomes Membrane bound Organelles No Membrane bound Organelles Have Ribosomes but they are different sizes DNA is contained in a Nucleus Have 80s Ribosomes Smaller in Size Have 70s Ribosomes Contain DNA Cell membrane Larger in Size Plasma (Cell) Membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Found in ALL Cells Nucleus: uses DNA to control what cell proteins are made. Found in all Eukaryotic cells Mitochondria: uses oxygen to break down glucose into ATP found in all Eukaryotic cells Ribosome: makes proteins for the cell. Found in ALL Cells Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Outside of cell Inside (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Receptor Proteins With Carbohydrate chains o2 CO2 H2O Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells

Introduction to Cells The Discovery of the Microscope lead to the discovery of the cell and the cell theory, Why? Cells are microscopic and can not be.

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Introduction to Cells The Discovery of the Microscope lead to the discovery of the cell and the cell theory, Why? Cells are microscopic and can not be.

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Presentation on theme: "Introduction to Cells The Discovery of the Microscope lead to the discovery of the cell and the cell theory, Why? Cells are microscopic and can not be."— Presentation transcript:

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