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The Beginnings of World History
New archeological finds and technology continue to change our understanding of early human life. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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The Beginnings of World History
How has the way we think about and study world history changed over time? The Study of World History LESSON 1 Human Origins in Africa LESSON 2 Humans Try to Control Nature LESSON 3 Neolithic Cultures LESSON 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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The Study of World History LESSON 1
The study of world history and our understanding of it are affected by place and time and are constantly changing. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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The Study of World History LESSON 1
Geography Affects historiography—the study and writing of history, course of events Includes physical, human, and cultural characteristics The Impact of Geography Geography affects development and success of civilizations Civilizations—complex cultures that developed five characteristics: advanced cities, workers, institutions, record keeping, technology Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Geography An Island Nation in the East An Island Nation in the West
Lesson 1 Geography An Island Nation in the East Isolated island nations develop differently Japan limits trade with the West Modernize and Westernize after trade opens Becomes a world power An Island Nation in the West Geography shapes Great Britain’s development makes it difficult to conquer develops into a sea power, creates global empire (continued) Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Geography Beyond Location Lesson 1 (continued)
Climate also affects course of events Affects natural resources, causes migrations (continued) Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Role of Archaeology Archaeology and Perception Other Disciplines
Lesson 1 Role of Archaeology Artifacts—human-made objects—help archaeologists study the past Archaeology and Perception Archaeologists work with other disciplines to understand the past Interpretations of archaeological evidence differs by discipline Other Disciplines Archeology relies on evidence gathered by other disciplines Other disciplines have different tools, perspectives Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Flexible History Changing and Revising History
Lesson 1 Flexible History Evidence, bias, and perspective affect historians’ interpretations Changing and Revising History New evidence creates new theories History is written, revised, rewritten Newer Finds Replace Old Theories In 1960, a hominid—a human, creature who walks upright—fossil is discovered Reveals information on early humans Later discoveries reveal more information changes earlier interpretations Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Human Origins in Africa LESSON 2
Fossil evidence shows that the earliest humans originated in Africa and spread across the globe. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Human Origins in Africa LESSON 2
Scientists Search for Human Origins Prehistory—time before the invention of writing, about 5,000 years ago Scientific Clues Archaeologists study bones and artifacts Anthropologists study culture—a people’s unique way of life Paleontologists study fossils—plant or animal remains preserved in rock Early Footprints Found In 1978, Mary Leakey’s team discovers prehistoric footprints in Tanzania humanlike beings called australopithecines, lived 4.8 to 1.8 million years ago Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Scientists Search for Human Origins
Lesson 2 Scientists Search for Human Origins The Discovery of “Lucy” Donald Johanson team finds female hominid in Ethiopia in 1974 Nicknames 3.5 million-year-old skeleton “Lucy” Hominids Walk Upright Walking upright helps hominids travel distances easily They also develop opposable thumb (continued) Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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The Old Stone Age Begins
Lesson 2 The Old Stone Age Begins Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) lasted from about 2.5 million to 8000 BC Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) lasted from about 8000 to 3000 BC Paleolithic Age had cold temperatures and large Glaciers (Ice Age) Use of tools, fire, and language develops during the Stone Age Homo habilis May Have Used Tools Louis and Mary Leakey discover hominid fossil Found in Tanzania, is named Homo habilis, “man of skill” Appeared in East Africa around 2.4 – 1.5 million years ago Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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The Old Stone Age Begins
Lesson 2 The Old Stone Age Begins Homo erectus Develops Technology Appeared in East Africa about 1.9 million to 50,000 years ago Homo erectus, upright man, used intelligence to develop technology Technology—ways of applying knowledge, tools and inventions Developed tools to dig, scrape, cut; became skillful hunters First hominid to migrate from Africa; moved to Asia and Europe First hominid to use fire; might have developed language (continued) Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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The Dawn of Modern Humans
Lesson 2 The Dawn of Modern Humans Homo sapiens—species name for modern humans; had larger brain than Homo erectus Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons appear Homo sapiens may have branched out from Neanderthals about 550,000 to 765,000 years ago Neanderthals’ Way of Life Powerful muscles and thick bones Lived 200,000 to 30,000 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asia Developed religious beliefs and performed rituals Lived in caves, shelters made of wood and skin Fashioned stone blades and other tools Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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The Dawn of Modern Humans
Lesson 2 The Dawn of Modern Humans Cro-Magnons Emerge About 40,000 years ago Cro-Magnons appear Physically identical to modern humans Migrated from North Africa to Europe and Asia Hunted in groups; better hunters than Neanderthals Population grew quickly, replaced Neanderthals Advanced skill in spoken language (continued) Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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New Findings Add to Knowledge
Lesson 2 New Findings Add to Knowledge Fossils, Tools, and Cave Paintings New fossil discovery places hominids in Africa 6 or 7 million years ago Stone tools suggest tool making began earlier than previously thought Bone flute suggests Neanderthals might have made music Cave drawings of people, animals give clues to ways of life Discovery at Denisova Cave In 2008, hominin artifacts discovered in Russia New group of hominins called the Denisovans Scientists believe Denisovans and Neanderthals interacted Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Humans Try to Control Nature LESSON 3
The development of agriculture caused an increase in population and the growth of a settled way of life. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Humans Try to Control Nature LESSON 3
Early Advances in Technology and Art Tools Needed to Survive Paleolithic humans were nomads—moved in search of food Hunted animals, collected plant foods—were hunter-gatherers Cro-Magnons had more than 100 specialized tools; bone needles to sew Artistic Expression in the Paleolithic Age Early modern humans created art: jewelry of sea shells, lion teeth, bear claws polished beads from mammoth tusks cave paintings, animal sculptures, rock engravings and paintings Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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The Beginnings of Agriculture
Lesson 3 The Beginnings of Agriculture Neolithic Revolution—agricultural revolution, began about 10,000 years ago Nomadic women scattered seeds, then discovered crops growing Shift from food-gathering to food-production great breakthrough Causes of the Agricultural Revolution Rising temperatures probably a key reason Longer growing season, drier land for wild grasses Constant supply of food led to population growth Early Farming Methods Slash-and-burn farming—clear land by cutting and burning trees Farmers moved to a new area after year or two Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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The Beginnings of Agriculture
Lesson 3 The Beginnings of Agriculture Domestication of Animals Domestication—taming wild animals Hunters, farmers tamed horses, dogs, goats, and pigs Pastoral nomads tended sheep, goats, camels Agriculture in Jarmo Site in northeastern Iraq where people farmed 9,000 years ago Wild grasses, goats, pigs, sheep, horses thrived near Zagros Mountains (continued) Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Villages Grow and Prosper
Lesson 3 Villages Grow and Prosper Farming Develops in Many Places Farming in Africa, China, Mexico and Central America, Peru Different crops developed in different areas Catal Huyuk In 1958, remains of village found; wall paintings, religious shrines Located in modern Turkey; farming thrived here 8,000 years ago Population of 5,000 to 6,000 grew crops, raised sheep and cattle Made pottery, wove baskets, traded valuable obsidian Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Neolithic Cultures LESSON 4
Early cultures that did not form advanced civilizations have contributed greatly to our understanding of the past. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Pre-Civilization Cultures
Neolithic Cultures LESSON 4 Pre-Civilization Cultures Jericho Located in the modern-day West Bank, near Jordan River Townspeople built probably the first walled town in existence Wall evidence of engineering skill, planning, and leadership Evidence of agriculture and trade, but not a civilization Excavations—sites dug by archeologists—revealed information about the people, culture Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Pre-Civilization Cultures
Lesson 4 Pre-Civilization Cultures Skara Brae 5,000 year old Neolithic village in present-day Scotland In 1920s, archeologists discovered remains of a tiny village Evidence of social classes before the rise of civilizations Early Chinese Cultures Painted pottery pieces and pots found in central and northern central China evidence of the development of a pottery wheel burial pottery evidence of lack of social classes (continued) Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Neolithic Cultures Leave Their Mark
Lesson 4 Neolithic Cultures Leave Their Mark Stonehenge, in present-day Wiltshire, England, started in 3000 BC Built in stages over a period of 1,500 years Interpreting Stonehenge May have built to align with the summer and winter solstices Researchers concluded it may have been a place of healing CT scanning revealed remains of high status women suggest some equality among high status men and women Superhenge In 2015, researchers discovered large stone monuments underground Built two miles from Stonehenge 5,000 years ago May change existing theories about Stonehenge Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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