1. Chapter 4 Lesson 3: Chemical Compounds in Cells
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2. What are Elements and Compounds?
Organisms are made up of many substances
These substances are the raw materials that make up your blood, bones, tissues, etc.
These substances are also a part of the processes performed by your cells.
Elements are found in your body
Examples of elements in your body are Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen.
An element is any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
The smallest unit of an element is an atom.
An element only contains one kind of atom.
Hydrogen has only Hydrogen atoms.
Oxygen has only Oxygen atoms.
What are Elements and Compounds?
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3. What are Elements and Compounds?
Compounds form when two or more elements combine chemically.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are examples of compounds
Most of the elements in living things occur in the form of compounds.
The smallest unit of many compounds is a molecules.
One molecule of Carbon dioxide or CO2 contains one atom of Carbon and two atoms of Oxygen
What are Elements and Compounds?
How many atoms are in a water molecules? Name the elements in a molecule of carbon dioxide.

4. What Compounds do Cells Need?
Many of the compounds in living things contain Carbon.
Most compounds containing Carbon are called organic compounds.
Nylon and polyester are examples of organic compounds
Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon
Water and table salt are examples of inorganic compounds
Living cells need organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to survive.
Living cells need water, an inorganic compound, to survive.
What Compounds do Cells Need?

5. What Compounds do Cells Need?
Carbohydrates
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are energy-rich organic compounds made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Photosynthesis in plants produces sugars
Fruits and some vegetables have a lot of sugar in them.
Sugar molecules can combine to form starches
Starches are complex carbohydrates
Plants store excess energy in the form of starches
Potatoes, pasta, rice, and bread all come from plants and contain starch.
When you eat these foods, your body breaks the starch down into glucose.
Glucose is the sugar your cells use for energy.
What Compounds do Cells Need?

8. What Compounds do Cells Need?
Carbohydrates are also an important part of the cell
Cell walls are made of a carbohydrate called cellulose
Carbohydrates are also in the cell membrane of animal cells
What Compounds do Cells Need?

9. What Compounds do Cells Need?
Lipids are compounds made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and some oxygen.
Cell membranes are made mostly of lipids
Fats, oils, and waxes are all lipids
Lipids contain more energy than carbohydrates
Lipids are for long-term energy storage
What Compounds do Cells Need?

10. What Compounds do Cells Need?
Protein!
What Compounds do Cells Need?

11. What Compounds do Cells Need?
Proteins are large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen , and sometimes, sulfur.
Protein is essential to a cell’s structure and function
There are proteins in the cell membrane
Proteins are found in organelles
Proteins are found in our hair, fingernails, eyes, muscles, and organs.
Enzymes are a type of protein that speed up chemical reactions.
Many of the processes necessary for life would take too long if enzymes did not speed them up.
An enzyme in your saliva speeds up the digestion of starch.
What Compounds do Cells Need?

12. What Compounds do Cells Need?
Nucleic acids are very long organic molecules consisting of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous
Nucleic acids have instructions that cells need to carry out all of the functions of life.
Red meat, shellfish, mushrooms, and peas all contain a large amount of nucleic acids
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid
DNA is the genetic material that gets passed from organism down to its offspring.
DNA directs the function of a cell and is found in the cell’s nucleus.
The shape of DNA is a double helix
What Compounds do Cells Need?

13. What Compounds do Cells Need?
Water!
Most chemical reactions in cells depend on substances dissolved in water
Water takes part in many chemical reactions inside of cells.
Water helps cells keep their shape
It takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water, which means it takes a long time for water to increase or decrease in temperature
Water helps maintain a constant temperature inside your cells and your body.
Water also helps substances move across the cell membrane in and out of cells
What Compounds do Cells Need?

14. Review An element is ________________________________________ __
An element is any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
A compound is______________________________________ _.
A combination of two or more elements
Cells need ________________________________________ ___
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Water
Review

15. Review Carbohydrates are _____________________________________
Energy-rich organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
An example of a carbohydrate found in plants is ___________
Starch
Review

16. Review Lipids are _____________________________________
Compounds made mostly of carbon and hydrogen
Examples of lipids are ____________________________
Fats, oils, and waxes.
Proteins are ____________________________________
Large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Proteins are important for _____________________________
Cell structure and function
Enzymes are ________________________________________
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Review

17. Review Nucleic acids are _______________________________
Very long organic molecules consisting of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous
An example of a nucleic acid is _________________________
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
DNA exists in the shape of a __________________________
Double helix
In a cell, water is needed for ___________________________
Chemical reactions
Maintaining cell shape
Review