1. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

2. Gerund is a noun formed from a verb by adding –ing to the end of a verb. For example : swimming, running, drinking Gerund can be used as the subject, the object of the verb and the object preposition.

3. Gerund as the subject of sentence
Example :
1. Playing football is my favorite sport
Playing is a gerund used as the subject of sentences
2.Walking on the beach may be fun.
Walking is a gerund used as the subject of sentences

4. Gerund as the object of the verb
Gerund as the object is marked with a V-ing that there is after the verb in the sentence
Example :
1. The man like climbing the mountain
Climbing is a gerund used as the object of the verb like
2. Mery enjoyed writing letters for her boyfriend.
Writing is a gerund used as the object of the verb enjoyed

5. Gerund as the object of the preposition
Gerund used to after the preposition in the sentences. prepositions often used is as in,on,at, about,of, with,without, after, before, because of etc.
Example :
1. They disscussed an article about telling the truth.
Telling is a gerund used as the object of the preposition about
2. She is clever at teaching English
Teaching is a gerund used as the object of the preposition at

6. S + To Be + Adjective + Gerund
Kalimat yang menggunakan bentuk gerund memiliki beberapa variasi susunan, yaitu :
S +V+Gerund
Example :
- They avoid discussing too much.
- She enjoys talking about the topic.
S + To Be + Adjective + Gerund
Exampel :
- We are busy finishing the school report.
- The book is worth reading.

7. S + V + Gerund + to + Gerund Preposition + Gerund + S + V
Example :
- They prefer dancing to singing.
- He prefers playing badminton to football.
Preposition + Gerund + S + V
Example:
- Before watching TV, they have to finish their task.
- After reading the letter, he looked very sad.

8. S + V + Preposition + Gerund
Example :
- They keep on discussing about the problem.
- She is thinking of sending a letter of complaint.
S + V + O + Gerund
Example :
- They don't mind you talking too much.
- She likes her telling the case.

9. Infinitives use ”to ” before the verb so the examples above would be to eat, to play, and to listen. Infinitive can function as a noun, adjective or adverb depending on the pattern of the sentence
Example:
To play football when drizzling is very joyful (noun)
We have to be strong to accept this bad news (adjective)
The boy returned to help her.(adverb)

10. Infinitive as the subject in the sentences, if we want to make the sentences that beginning with the verb, so the verb beginning with “to” (jika kita ingin membuat kalimat yang diawali dengan kata kerja, maka kata kerja tersebut diawali dengan to.)
Example :
To win the game, we must work hard (untuk memenangkan pertandingan ini, kita harus bekerja dengan keras)
2. to say is an easy way but to do is a difficult ( berkata adalah cara yang mudah tetapi melaksanakannya itu sulit)

11. Invinitive after the verb, If you want put the verb, but there are the verb in front of, so in front of the second verb must adding “to”. Example:
Ask
Don’t forget to ask teacher
Arrange
Remember to arrange a meeting
Promise
He has promised to bring me the novel
Refuse
She refused to come
Beg
I want you to beg me
Decide
Anita decided to go abroad
Want
I want to go home
Order
If you want to order just call me, ok

12. Infinitive after the adjective
Infinitive after the adjective. If there are the verb after adjective,so the verb must adding with “to”. Infinitive setelah kata sifat. Jika ada kata setelah kata sifat, maka kata kerja tersebut harus di tambah dengan “to” didepannya.
Example :
I am glad to hear this success (saya senang mendengar keberhasilan ini)
It’s nice to talk to you Ika (senang bisa mengobrol dengan kamu Ika)
Glad to meet you mr.Andi (senang berjumpa dengan pak Andi)

13. The infinitive with “to”
Verb + object + to-infinitive
I helped my dad to clean the car.
After
Adjective
It’s better not to smoke
want/would like
I want you to help me
The first
Gagarin was the first to fly in a spaceship.
The last
Peter was the last to watch the film.

14. The Infinitive without “to” (After auxiliaries/modals)
After Modals
He can run very fast.
I may fly to Africa this summer
I must go now
You mustn’t smoke here
She will make a cake for his birthday
We should sing a song.
After the following expressions
You had better clean up your room.
Susan would rather study for her exam tomorrow.
Why should we go by car?
I would sooner read a book than watch this film
After verbs of perception
I watched her walk away
They saw him climb up the roof.
Mandy noticed the boy climb the tree.

15. Difference using between gerund and infinitive
Mengikuti verb tertentu “yang berbeda”
Avoid, admit, appreciate, anticipate, continue, deny, detest, delay, enjoy, excuse, finish, forgive, fancy, keep, mind, postpone, prevent, risk, resist.
Ask, allow, advice, beg, decide, expect, hope, intend, invite, instruct, learn, mean, need, purpose, promise, permit, want, warn, would like, tell, teach, urge.
Dalam hal prepositional object “to be” used to
I’m used to crying every night.
I used to cry every night.
Perbedaan makna
I forget cooking a bowl soup for you
I forget to cook a bowl soup for you