1. Stage 15: Roman Religious Beliefs And Celts: Friend or Foe

2. Sacrifices & Presents to the Gods
Numina
Vota
Lares and Penates

3. Sacrifices and Presents to the Gods
What are some reasons ordinary citizens would offer sacrifices?
What kinds of animals would be sacrificed?

4. Divination and omina
haruspex
augures

5. The Roman State Religion
Vulcan
Jupiter
Juno
Mercury
Hephaestus
Zeus
Apollo
Hera
Hermes
Apollo
Aphrodite
Venus
Ares
Mars
Athena
Minerva
Artemis
Dionysus
Demeter
Poseidon
Diana
Ceres
Bacchus
Neptune

6. The Roman State Religion
College of Priests
Arval Brotherhood
Pontifex Maximus

7. Religion and Romanization
Rome’s Policy on other religions
Mergers
Emperor worship
Genius
Deification
Assimilation

8. Astrology
horoscopos

9. Gemini
Pisces
Taurus
Aries
Leo
Virgo
Libra
Cancer
Aquarius
Capricorn
Scorpio
Sagittarius

10. Celts: Friend or Foe
The Romans at times tended to force their beliefs and culture upon its conquered citizens. They built a road straight through the sacred lands of the Celts just outside of Aqua Sulis When Rome invaded Britain there were two types of British rulers: those who resisted Roman rule, like Queen Boudica; and those who chose to cooperate, like Cogidubnus.

11. Druids
The Druids put up the most resistance of all the British tribes or
leaders. They were considered to be the leaders of the Celtics, but
not many rulers heeded their advice to resist or be conquered.

12. Druids
The Druids perhaps envisioned their way of life being overtaken by the
Romans. Though Rome allowed freedom of religion, they did not
like Druidism because of the rumored human sacrifices. So, Rome did
everything it could to halt Druidic practices. The Druids fought back as
best as they could, but eventually the Roman legions win.

13. Druids at Stonehenge

14. Romans defeating Druids

15. Wicker man created by Druids for human sacrifice

16. Boudica

17. Boudica
The only warrior queen to resist the Roman supremacy. Eventually she was defeated in battle and instead of surrendering herself to the Romans, she committed suicide.

18. Boudica’s Statue at Westminster

19. Cogidubnus

20. Cogidubnus

21. Cogidubnus
This king, instead of resist, decided to enjoy all that Rome offered and publically declared his loyalty to Rome. The Romans rewarded him with wealth, lands, and slaves. He dedicated a temple to honor his new allies.

22. Complete Workbook Exercise 15.9