1. Rome

2. The Geography of Rome

3. The History of
Ancient Italy

4. Italy in 750 BCE

5. Influence of the Etruscans
Writing
Religion
Architecture

6. The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus

7. The Roman
Republic:
509 BCE - 27 BCE

8. Republican Government 2 Consuls and Magistrates
(Rulers and judges of Rome)
Senate
(Representative body for patricians)
Tribal Assembly
(Representative body for plebeians)

9. The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE
Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

10. The Roman Forum

11. Rome’s Early Road System

12. Roman Roads: The Appian Way

13. Roman Aqueducts

14. The Roman Colosseum

15. The Colosseum Interior

16. Circus Maximus

17. Punic Wars Rome vs Carthage
Punic War I
Punic War II and III

18. Carthaginian Empire

19. Hannibal’s Route

20. Reform Leaders Military Reformer Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land.
Military Reformer
Gaius Marius
recruited an army from the poor and homeless.
professional standing army.

21. Decline of Republic
Rapid growth; slaves and riches from conquered areas
Patricians gained more wealth/land/power
Creation of Equestrians (middle class); traders demanded more privileges from government
Plebeians didn’t benefit from new wealth; led to civil war

22. Civil War & Dictators
Julius Caesar
Pompey

23. Plebeian Revolt
Patricians create Latifundia – estates worked by slaves; cheap labor and mass production
Plebeians sell land to patricians/equestrians; move to city of Rome; relied on gov. handouts
Gladiators and chariot races ($)
Sold votes = decreased political power
Patrician armies vs pro-plebeian generals for political control

24. The First Triumvirate 60 – 44 BCE
Julius Caesar- Republic was ineffective for empire; champion for plebeian rights
Marcus Licinius Crassus- wealthiest in Rome
Gaius Magnus Pompey- respected and successful military general
3 men used $, military power, and plebeian votes to gain control
Civil war ends in 60 BCE

25. The First Triumvirate 60 – 53 BCE
53 BCE – Crassus died
Caesar vs Pompey for control of Rome (civil war)
Caesar defeats Pompey in Italy and Greece
46 BCE – Caesar becomes sole ruler of Roman Empire (dictator)
44 BCE – murdered by Marcus Brutus and conspirators; claimed they were preventing king

26. Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE

27. Rome Under Caesar’s Rule
Made army / gov. more efficient
Increased size of Senate; rep provinces
Extended citizenship to more people
Improved the tax system
Introduced more accurate calendar
Created more jobs; cut unemployment in half
People no longer receiving free grain

28. The Second Triumvirate
43-27AD
Gaius Octavius aka Augustus Caesar- adopted son of Caesar; 1st emperor of Rome
Marc Antony- friend and general under Caesar; fell in love with Cleopatra (Egypt)
Marcus Lepidus- politician (consul)

29. The Second Triumvirate
Marc Antony replaces Caesar; civil war begins with Brutus (43 BCE)
Octavian and Antony defeat Brutus’ forces; become new rulers of Roman World
Antony builds alliance w/ Cleopatra (Egypt)
Battle of Actium (31 BCE)- Octavian wins sea battle; Antony/Cleopatra suicide

30. The
Roman Empire:
27 BCE CE

31. Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

32. The First Roman Emperor
Octavian Augustus
Beginning of Pax Romana (Roman Peace); lasted for 200 years
peace, security, accomplishments
Golden Age
Rome expanded  prosperity
Merchants traded w/ Han Empire (China), Parthian Empire (Middle East), and India
Rome conquered Hellenistic civilization, Greece and Middle East

33. Greek Influences Greco-Roman Culture Architecture Sculpture Drama
Literature
Greek language
Ideas

34. Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

35. The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

36. Emperors of Rome Bad Good Nero (54-68 AD) Murdered wife/mother
Great Fire; destroyed ½ of Rome
Persecuted Christians
Vespasian/Titus (69-81 AD)
Defeated Jews revolt in Palestine; destroyed Jerusalem
Commodus ( AD)
Son of Marcus Aurelius
Gladiator
Econ/Pol problems
Ended Pax Romana
Good
Marcus Aurelius ( AD)
Soldier, writer, philosopher
wrote Meditations
Died during plague (Black Death); killed ¼ of Roman population
Constantine ( AD)
Reunited Roman empire; Byzantium
1st Christian Roman Emperor
Edict of Milan (313 AD)

37. The Rise of Christianity

38. St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

39. The Spread of Christianity

40. Imperial Roman Road System

41. The Empire in Crisis: 3c

42. Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

43. Constantine:

44. Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

45. Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God”

46. Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

47. Fall of Rome (190-476AD) Roman Legions (military) weaken
Gov. creates conscription
Hiring non-Romans = no loyalty
Barbarian tribes (Huns/Germans)
Move into Roman territory
Breakdown of law/order
Economic breakdown
- Unsafe trade routes, less $ circulation, tax evasion, slave revolts
Disease / Birth rate decline
- The plague (Black Death) killed ¼ of Roman population

48. The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

49. Byzantine 476-1453 AD Kept Roman law and government
Greco-Roman culture
Greek language; Christianity
Eastern Orthodox Church
Constantinople (capital)
Trading center, Black Sea - Aagean Sea

50. Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

51. Byzantine Justinian and Theodora (527-565 AD)
Ruled together for 20 years
Emperor of Eastern Roman Empire
Conquered lands around Med Sea
Italy, N. Africa, S. Spain
Built churches, public buildings, forts around empire
Compiled all Roman Laws
Corpus of Civil Law (Code, Digest, Institutes)

52. Byzantine Christianity Created fine art and architecture
Most advanced in medieval Europe
Roads, palaces, churches, parks, schools, museums
Hippodrome; chariot races
Imports from far east; exports to Italy and Russia

53. Decline of Byzantium Bubonic/pneumonic plague
Post Justinian death; military/building programs bankrupt
Weak army; invaders
Arabs, Turks, Serbs, Visigoths, Lombards
“Dark Ages” (7th and 8th cen.)
Lost majority of territory
Shrank for 500 yrs.
Asia Minor, S. Italy, Greece

54. Decline of Byzantium Late 1,000’s attacked by Seljuk Turks (Asia)
Emperor asked Pope and Venice for help
Crusaders looted Constantinople (1204 AD)
Ottomans (Turks) attack 1261 AD

55. The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

56. The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language
Roman Catholic Church
City Planning
Romanesque Architectural Style
Roman Engineering
Aqueducts
Sewage systems
Dams
Cement
Arch