1. Regional System Analysis of Introduction of Hydrogen in Norway
International Energy Workshop Venice, June 2009
Kari Aamodt Espegren, Eva Rosenberg
Institute for Energy Technology
Norway

2. Outline The Norwegian energy system
Three regional energy system models (MARKAL)
Basic assumptions
Scenario analysis
Conclusion
Provide decision support for introduction of hydrogen as an energy carrier

3. Energy production vs final energy use in Norway-
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
Production
Energy use
Bio energy
Hydro- and wind power
Natural gas
Oil
Other use
Use of el.
Transportation
TWh/year
Source: SSB

4. CO2 emissions from end use sectors
Source: SSB

5. Regional MARKAL models
Regions divided in urban and rural areas
Variations in drive cycles for vehicles used in urban and rural areas
Regional models with limited import/export possibilities
Special focus on transport sector
Divided in urban and rural areas in order to analyse different production and transport alternatives and demand variations

6. Electricity prices

7. Energy prices

8. Vehicle prices

9. Vehicle cost as function of produced vehicles
Source: HyWays

10. Investment costs of hydrogen production technologies

11. Modeling hydrogen infrastructure
Central H2 production
H2 pipe
Urban
Gas storage El
Electrolysis
Gas trailer
Filling station
Electrolysis
Bio
Bio gasific.
SMR NG
H2 + el NG
SMR
Rural
Gas storage NG
SMR CCS
Gas trailer
Filling station
Electrolysis H2
H2 bi-prod
SMR

12. Interaction with infrastructure model
Starting point: H2 transport by pipeline 5 km, and trailer 20 km Iteration result: H2 transport by pipeline 10.7 km, and trailer 8.7 km

13. Scenarios
HyWays: Basic assumptions with technology costs (H2) based on results from the HyWays project
No tax: No taxes on transport energy (“revenue neutral”)
CO2 reduction: Reduced CO2 emissions by 75% in 2050
Reference: Based on the assumptions of World Energy Outlook with no new transport technologies

14. Private vehicles in the HyWays scenario
Reduction in transport energy due to increased efficiency
Oslo: Transition from fossils fuels via bio diesel to plug-in hybrids Rogaland and Telemark: From fossil fuels via bio diesel to HFC

15. Hydrogen production in the HyWays scenario

16. Private vehicles in the NoTax scenario
All regions: More use of fossils fuels – also natural gas Delayed introduction of hydrogen vehicles

17. Hydrogen production in the NoTax scenario

18. Private vehicles in the CO2 scenario
All regions: Faster transition from fossils fuels to HFC. Plug-in vehicles are not competitive due to the share of fossil fuels

19. Hydrogen production in the CO2 scenario

20. CO2 emissions in the Energy Region (Rogaland)

21. CO2 emissions in the City Region (Oslo)

22. CO2 emissions in the Industry Region (Telemark)

23. Main conclusions
The overall efficiency is greatly improved compared with present used technologies (HFC, Plug-in)
Regional differences – different solutions
Higher electricity price & high hydrogen price: Plug-in hybrids
No energy taxes: delayed introduction of hydrogen cars
CO2 limitations: Renewable energy is used for hydrogen production (electrolysis or bio gasification)
The challenge: find the right balance between bio fuels, hydrogen and electricity

24. Institute for Energy Technology
Thank you!
Kari Aamodt Espegren
Institute for Energy Technology