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Biology I Mid-Term Review
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Levels of Organization
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Macromolecules Names Structures (what their molecular structures look like, what elements make them up) Function/Purpose Monomers/Building blocks Organic vs inorganic
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Water Properties Homeostasis
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Organelles Structure/what it looks like Function/purpose
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Energy How it is stored? (Forms i.e. light, bonds, etc)
Photosynthesis vs Cellular Respiration aka respiration Chloroplast vs Mitochondria phytoplankton vs zooplankton Reactants vs Products Carbon Cycle (add on to this greenhouse gases vs atmospheric gases) Biomass Food Web Trophic Pyramid (Producers, etc.)
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Cells Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Plants vs Animal Cells
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Other How to analyze a graph Enzymes pH Genes Hormones
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Objective: Students will be able to demonstrate their mastery of Biology by completing a review packet. Describe the function and structure of two eukaryotic membrane bound organelles other than the nucleus. Describe the structure and function of 3 components that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common.
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Basic Structure of a Cell
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Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms
Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Bacterial Cell Animal Cell Plant Cell
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Number of Cells Organisms may be: Unicellular – composed of one cell
Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize
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Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals)
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Prokaryotes Nucleoid region contains the DNA Cell membrane & cell wall
Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm
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Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm with organelles
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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cell Plant Cell
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Organelles Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope
Have specific functions Found throughout cytoplasm
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Organelles Found in Cells
Examples of Organelles include: Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) – canals for movement Golgi Bodies – wrap & export proteins Nucleolus – makes ribosomes Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes Ribosomes – makes proteins
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Golgi Bodies Stacks of flattened sacs
Have a shipping side & a receiving side Receive & modify proteins made by ER Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends Transport vesicle
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Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes
Break down food and worn out cell parts for cells Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)
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Nucleolus Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli Inside nucleus
Disappears when cell divides Makes ribosomes that make proteins
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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT
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Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) Rod shape
Site of Cellular respiration
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In Animal Cells: Mitochondria
Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria Burn sugars to produce energy ATP
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Surrounding the Cell Cell membrane
Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells Made of protein and phospholipids Selectively permeable
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Cell or Plasma Membrane
Cell membrane Living layer Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell Selectively permeable
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Cell or Plasma Membrane
Cell membrane Phospholipid bilayer Regulates the passage of water, food and waste into & out of a cell
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Cell Wall Cell wall Nonliving layer
Gives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells
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Cytoplasm of a Cell Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
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More on Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion
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Control Organelle Nucleus Controls the normal activities of the cell
Contain the DNA Bounded by a nuclear membrane Contains chromosomes
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More on the Nucleus Nucleus
Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes Genes control cell characteristics
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Plant Cell Organelles Chloroplast
Contain the green pigment chlorophyll Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food) Process called photosynthesis
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Plant Cell Cell wall Dead layer
Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers Freely permeable
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Plant Cell Cell wall Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers
Strong and rigid Found in plant cells
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Plant Cell Cell wall Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm) Resist entry of excess water into the cell Give shape to the cell
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Plant Cell Organelles Vacuole Have a large central vacuole
Surrounded by tonoplast Contains cell sap Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments
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Different kinds of plant cells
Onion Epidermal Cells Root Hair Cell root hair Guard Cells
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Animal cell No cell wall or chloroplast
vacuole cytoplasm No cell wall or chloroplast Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy nucleus mitochondrion cell membrane glycogen granule
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Animal Cell Organelles
Near the nucleus Paired structures Help cell divide
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Different kinds of animal cells
white blood cell red blood cell cheek cells sperm nerve cell muscle cell Amoeba Paramecium
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Similarities between plant cells and animal cells
Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria
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Differences between plant cells and animal cells
Relatively smaller in size Relatively larger in size Irregular shape Regular shape No cell wall Cell wall present
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Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells
Vacuole small or absent Large central vacuole Glycogen as food storage Starch as food storage Nucleus at the center Nucleus near cell wall
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The cell is the Basic Unit of Life
Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms Unicellular organisms are made of one cell only The cells of multicellular organisms are specialized to perform different functions e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis and root hair cells for water absorption
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Levels of organization
Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions
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Tissue A group of similar cells to perform a particular function
Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll
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Organ Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions Heart : consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue
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The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)
Chloroplast Palisade Mesophyll Cell Spongy Mesophyll Cell Air Space Stoma
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The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)
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System Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems Plant : root and shoot systems
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Human Body Systems Examples of systems : Digestive System
Respiratory System Circulatory System Nervous System Reproductive System
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Examples of a Human Body System
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Examples of a Human Body System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Circulatory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Nervous System
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Levels of Organization
CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells) TISSUES (muscle, epithelium) ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach) SYSTEMS (circulatory system) ORGANISM (human)
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