1. ADVANCES IN IC ENGINES

2. Limitations of Carburetion
Non-homogenous air fuel mixture supply to each cylinder
Rely upon the pressure difference which is not reliable
Needs compensating devices which makes system complex
Purely a mechanical machine with little or no intelligence
More pollution

3. Electronic Injection Systems or Fuel Injection Systems in SI Engine
Classification according to type of arrangements:
Port Injection
Throttle Body Injection(Single Point Injection)

4. Port injection(MPFI for Multicylinder)

5. Port injection(MPFI for Multicylinder)

6. Multi Point Fuel Injection Engine (MPFI)
Components:
Air Intake System
Fuel Delivery System
Electronic Control System
Emission Control System

7. 1. Air intake system :
Throttle body consists
Main bore, air bypass passage, Throttle valve
TP sensor (which detects the throttle valve opening and sends a signal to ECM)
Idle air control valve(IAC) valve controls opening of the bypass air passage.
Opening and closing of the valve itself is determined by operation of the magnet, which is connected to it.
The magnet operates according to electric current from ECM.

8. 2. Fuel Delivery System
Fuel pump
Pressure regulator system
Injector

9. 3. Electronic control system
Fuel injection control system
Idle speed control system
Fuel pump control system
Ignition control system
Radiator fan control system,

10. 4. EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM
Catalytic converter
Catalytic oxidizers
Evaporative emission control system (prevent emission of fuel vapour)

11. Sensors Used In MPFI Manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor
Throttle position sensor
Intake air temperature sensor
Engine coolant temperature sensor
Oxygen sensor
Vehicle speed sensor
Camshaft position sensor
Crank shaft position sensor

12. Multi Point Fuel Injection Engine (MPFI)
Classification:
Depending upon the working, there are further two types
D-MPFI system
L-MPFI system

13. D-MPFI
Measure intake manifold vacuum using manifold pressure sensor and engine speed using speed sensor
Air
Injection
Injector
Petrol
Intake Manifold
A/F Mixture
Injection volume control
ECU
Engine
RPM Sensor

14. L-MPFI
Measure engine speed and the amount of air actually entering in the engine.
Air
Intake Air Volume Detection
Air Meter
Intake Manifold
Injector
Engine
ECU

15. Advantages of MPFI System:
Cleaner exhaust emission 2. Economical fuel consumption
3. Improved drivability
4. Better ‘power balance’ amongst the cylinders
5. Higher output (and torque) from each cylinder
6. Faster throttle response
7. Supplies optimized air/fuel mixture ratio under widely varying driving conditions
8. More uniform A/F mixture will be supplied to each cylinder; hence the difference in power developed in each cylinder is minimum. Vibration from the engine equipped with this system is less, due to this the life of engine components is improved.

16. 9. No need to crank the engine twice or thrice in case of cold starting as happens in the carburetor system.
10. Immediate response, in case of sudden acceleration / deceleration.
11. Since the engine is controlled by ECM* (Engine Control Module), more accurate amount of A/F mixture will be supplied and as a result complete combustion will take place. This leads to effective utilization of fuel supplied and hence low emission level.
Improved mileage.
Improved Volumetric Efficiency.

17. 2. Throttle body injection

18. Timed and continuous injection:
Classification type which is based upon the injection action:
Timed injection system
Fuel is injected in the form of pulse
Continuous injection system:
fuel is continuously injected

19. Gasoline direct injection (GDI)
GDI: Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI),
also known as
Petrol Direct Injection
or Direct Petrol Injection
or Spark Ignited Direct Injection (SIDI)
or Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI)
The gasoline is highly pressurized, and injected via a common rail fuel line directly into the combustion chamber of each cylinder
3. GDI enables a stratified fuel charge (ultra lean burn) combustion for improved fuel efficiency, and reduced emission levels at low load.

21. Injector
Spark Plug

23. Direct injection may also be accompanied by other engine technologies such as
variable valve timing (VVT) or continuous variable cam phasing,
variable length intake manifolding (VLIM, or VIM), and
turbocharging.
Water injection or (more commonly) exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) may help reduce the high nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions

24. Advantages of GDI Increased fuel efficiency High power output
Controlled Emissions levels
Injection timings that are varied according to engine load
Reduced 'pumping losses' in engines without a throttle plate.
Engine speed is controlled by the engine control unit/engine management system (EMS), which regulates fuel injection function and ignition timing.

25. Additives or Dopes
Tetraethyllead (Still in use as a high octane additive)
Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT)
Ferrocene
Iron pentacarbonyl
Toluene
Isooctane

26. Additives or Dopes
1. TEL: Tetraethyllead (common name tetraethyl lead)
An organolead compound with the formula (CH3CH2)4Pb
It was mixed with gasoline (petrol) beginning in the 1920s as an inexpensive octane booster
engine compression to be raised substantially
increased vehicle performance and fuel economy
an effective antiknock agent and prevented exhaust valve and seat wear
neurotoxicity and its damaging effect on catalytic converters
Banned in India from 2000

27. 2. MMT
Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT): boost octane
MMT impairs the effectiveness of automobile emission controls and increases pollution from motor vehicles.
3. FERROCENE
Ferrocene is the organometallic compound with the formula Fe(C5H5)2
4. IRON PENTACARBONYL: also known as iron carbonyl, is the compound with formulaFe(CO)5. Iron pentacarbonyl has been found to be a strong flame speed inhibitor in oxygen based flames.

28. 5. TOLUENE
Toluene is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners
due to the density of the fuel and other factors, the fuel does not vaporize easily unless preheated to 70 degrees Celsius
it eats through standard rubber fuel lines and has no lubricating properties
6. TRIMETHYLPENTANE (ISOOCTANE)

29. FUEL RATING IN INDIA
India: India's Ordinary And Premium Petrols are of 91 RON.(Range: 85-91)
Two variants, "Speed 93" and "Speed 97", were launched, with RON values of 93 and 97.
India's economy-class vehicles usually have compression ratios under 10:1, thus enabling them to use lower-octane petrol without engine knocking.

30. Octane rating
Isooctane (upper) has an octane rating of 100 whereas n-heptane has an octane rating of 0.
Measurement methods
Research Octane Number (RON) (600 rpm)
Motor Octane Number (MON)(900 rpm)
MON of a modern gasoline will be about 8 to 10 points lower than the RON

31. Anti-Knock Index (AKI)/Pump Octane Number (PON)
(R+M)/2
Fuel's Sensitivity: Difference between RON and AKI
Observed Road Octane Number (RdON)
derived from testing gasolines in real world multi-cylinder engines, normally at wide open throttle
Aviation gasoline octane ratings
This utilizes a supercharger, and uses a significantly richer fuel/air ratio for improved detonation resistance

32. Thank You !