1. What are some observations you have made about the moon?
Do Now
What are some observations you have made about the moon?

2. Chapter 28 Section 1
Earth’s moon

3. Earth’s Moon Background
Lunar surface features include maria, craters, riles, ridges, regolith, and rocks.
The moon is thought to be a chunk of Earth’s early mantle ejected as a result of a giant impact with a Mars-sized body
When it cooled it developed three layers

4. Vocabulary
*Satellite: a natural or artificial body that revolves around a celestial body that is greater in mass
*Moon: a celestial body that revolves around a body that is greater in mass; a natural satellite
*Mare: a large, dark area of basalt on the moon
*Crater: a bowl-shaped depression that forms on the surface of an object when a falling body strikes the objects

5. Earth’s Moon A body that orbits a larger body is called a satellite
6 of the planets have smaller bodies that orbit around them-these natural satellites are also called moons

6. Earth’s Moon Timeline
1957:the Soviet Union launched Sputnik which was the first artificial satellite launched into space
1958: US launched its first artificial satellite that was named Explorer 1
Presently: there are 1,000 of artificial satellites including weather satellites and space telescopes

7. Exploring the Moon
Between 1969 and 1972 the US sent 6 spacecraft to the moon as a part of the Apollo space program.
*Apollo astronauts found that the moon’s weak gravity affected the way they moved
Bouncing was more efficient than walking
*The moon’s surface is not strong enough to hold gases so it has no significant atmosphere
*Temperature can range from 134 degree C during the day to -170 degree C at night

8. Earth’s Moon Activity

9. Earth’s Moon
*The moon is the only other place in the solar system that humans have visited
Video Clip:
-luna is latin for moon
Satellite: a body that orbits a larger body
-*Natural-non man made satellite; moons
-*Artificial-man made; put into space
*Gravity is about 1/6 the strength’s of Earth
(No atmosphere; gravity isn't strong enough to
hold gases)

10. Do Now
Describe the surface of the moon

11. Lunar Surface *Lunar surface looks like light/dark patches
-*light areas are highlands
-*dark areas are cooled lava lowland plains called maria
(Mare is latin for seas which Galileo thought these areas were)
*Surface is covered in craters, riles (left over lava channels) & ridges (elevated rocks)
*Regoliths are layered of crushed
dust & rock
*Moonlight is the light reflected by the Sun

12. Moon Layers Like Earth, the Moon has 3 layers
*Moon’s 3 layers: core, mantle, & crust; caused by differentiation
*Crust: one side of the moon always faces Earth->Near side
*Near side of moon has thinner crust than far side (near side crust 60 km thick; far side 100 km thick) caused from Earth’s gravity during moon’s formation

13. Near side vs Far side of Moon

14. Moons Layers
*The mantle is made of rock that is rich in silica, magnesium, and iron.
*The mantle makes up more than half of the moon’s radius
*Has a small iron core that has a radius of less than 700 km
*Core is not completely solid or completely liquid

15. Moons Layers

16. How long does it take the Moon to orbit Earth?
Do Now
How long does it take the Moon to orbit Earth?

17. Moon’s Formation
*Rocks taken from the moon help astronomer’s understand moon’s history
*Giant Impact Hypothesis: theory behind moon’s formation; 3 stages

18. Giant Impact Hypothesis 3 stages
*1st Stage:
-Mars sized object hit Earth
-Breaking chunks of the mantle
-Debris revolved around Earth and joined together
*2nd Stage:
-Differentiation of layers
*3rd Stage:
-Meteorites created craters
-Lava filled craters and basin creating maria

19. *There are 8 phases of the moon

20. Chapter 28 Section 2: Movements of the Moon
The shape of the moon’s orbit around Earth is an ellipse
Eclipses occur when on planetary body passes through the shadow of another
The full moon phase shows a fully illuminated moon. Third quarter shows a half-moon (left side lit). New moon is not visible. First quarter shows a half-moon (right side lit)
Tides result largely from the moon’s gravitational pull on Earth.

21. Vocabulary
*Apogee (ap ugh jee): in the orbit of a satellite, the point that is FARTHEST from Earth
*Perigee (per rig gee): in the orbit of a satellite, the point that is CLOSEST to Earth
*Eclipse: an event in which the shadow of one celestial body falls on another

22. Vocabulary
*Solar Eclipse: the passing of the moon between Earth and the sun; during a solar eclipse, the shadow of the moon falls on Earth
*Lunar Eclipse: the passing of the moon through Earth’s shadow at full moon
*Phase: the change in the illuminated area of one celestial body as seen from another celestial body; phases of the moon are caused by the changing position of Earth, the sun, and the moon

23. The Moon’s Elliptical Orbit
*The orbit of the moon around Earth forms an ellipse about 5% elongated than a circle.
*Therefore, the distance between Earth and its moon varies over a month’s time
When it is farthest, the moon is at apogee
When it is closest, the moon is at perigee
*Moon is approximately 384,000 km away

24. The Moon’s Elliptical Orbit

25. Perigee and Apogee Video
Song

26. What is the difference between apogee and perigee?
Do Now
What is the difference between apogee and perigee?

27. Moonrise and Moonset
*The moon rises and sets at Earth’s horizon because of Earth’s rotation on its axis
*The moon rises and sets 50 minutes later each night
This happens because of both Earth’s rotation and the moon’s revolution

28. Lunar Rotation
Because of the rotation and revolution of the moon, observers on Earth only see one side of the moon
*Near side is all we see
As the moon orbits Earth, the part of the moon’s surface that is illuminated by sunlight changes
*Moon orbits Earth

29. Eclipses
Eclipse: an event in which the shadow of one object falls on another
*Shadows cast by Earth and the moon have 2 parts
*Umbra: inner area where sunlight is completely blocked
*Penumbra (pa num bra): outer part where sunlight is partially blocked

30. *Solar Eclipse
Solar Eclipse: when the moon is between the Earth and the Sun
Shadow of the moon falls on the Earth
Total & partial eclipses

31. *Lunar Eclipses
A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth is positioned between the moon and the sun and when Earth’s shadow crosses the lighted half of the moon
Lasts for several hours
Sunlight is bent around Earth through out atmosphere
The eclipsed moon appears to have a reddish color

32. Solar and Lunar Eclipse

33. Explain the difference between a solar and lunar eclipse
Do Now
Explain the difference between a solar and lunar eclipse

34. Phases of the Moon *Moonlight is the light reflected from the Sun
As it revolves around Earth different amounts of the moon (that faces Earth) are lighted ->apparently changing the shape of the visible moon
Phases: the change in the illuminated area of one celestial body as seen from another
*Lunar Phase=29.5 days

35. New & Full Moon
*New Moon: when the moon is directly between the Sun & Earth (the moon is completely dark)
*Full Moon: when Earth is between the moon & the Sun->the Moon is completely lit up

36. Crescent & Gibbous
*Waxing: when the size of the lit part of the moon is increasing
*Waning: when the size of the lit part of the moon is decreasing
*Crescent: the shape of the moon is less than half
*Gibbous: the shape of the moon is more than half but less than a circle

37. Tides *Tides: bulges in the ocean caused by moon’s gravitational pull
Sun also cause tides but they are much smaller because the Sun is farther away

38. Phases of the Moon Video

39. Where is the Kupier Belt located?
Do Now
Where is the Kupier Belt located?

40. Chapter 28 Section 4
Asteroids are large, rocky bodies. Comets are smaller and are made of rock, ice, and dust.
The Kupier Belt is located beyond the orbit of Neptune
Meteoroids are small rocky bodies. The streak of light made when they burn up in the atmosphere is called a meteor. Any part that reaches the ground is called a meteorite.
Most comets are thought to originate in the Oort cloud.

41. Vocabulary
*Asteroid: a small, rocky object that orbits the sun; most asteroids are located in the band between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
*Comet: a small body of rock, ice, and cosmic dust that follows an elliptical orbit around the sun and that gives off gas and dust in the form of a tail as it passes close to the sun
*Kupier Belt: a region of the solar system that starts just beyond the orbit of Neptune and that contains dwarf planets and other small bodies made mostly of ice.

42. Vocabulary
*Oort cloud: a spherical region that surrounds the solar system, that extends from the Kupier Belt to almost halfway the nearest star, and that contains billions of comets
*Meteoroid: a relatively small, rocky body that travels through space
*Meteor: a bright streak of light that results when a meteoroid burns up in Earth’s atmosphere

43. Small Body Space Objects
Astronomers believe that the smaller bodies of the solar system are leftover debris from its formation
*Small bodies include:
Asteroids
Comets
Meteoroids

44. Video Clip Differences between comets, asteroids, and meteors

45. Where is the Oort Cloud and what is there?
Do Now
Where is the Oort Cloud and what is there?

46. Asteroids
*Rock fragments that are the largest of the smaller space bodies that orbit the Sun
More than 300,000 discovered
Elliptical orbits
Near-Earth asteroids: have wide, elliptical orbits that bring them near Earth

47. Asteroid Belt
*Asteroid Belt: area between Mars & Jupiter where most asteroids orbit
*2 possible causes of asteroid belt
Planet that never formed
Planet that was destroyed

48. Comets

49. Comets
Comets: small bodies of ice, rock, and cosmic dust that follow highly elliptical orbits around the sun
*Parts of a Comet
*Head
-Core: the nucleus; made of rock, metal, & ice
-Coma: cloud of gas & dust that surrounds the nucleus

50. Parts of a Comet
2. *Tail- forms when sunlight causes ice to change to gas; always points away from the Sun
*Ion (gas) tail: inner area of tail
*Dust tail: outer part made of dust

51. Video Clip Differences between comets, asteroids, and meteors
Differences Chart: In your notebook make three columns
Comets
Meteors
Asteroids

52. Draw and label the parts of a comet
Do Now
Draw and label the parts of a comet

53. Beyond Neptune
*The Kupier Belt: thousands of small objects beyond the orbit of Neptune, including some comets reside here.
*The Oort Cloud: where most of the comets come from; total mass is estimated to be between 10 to 40 Earth masses.
The Oort Cloud helps scientists understand the history of the solar system

54. Oort Cloud & Kupier Belt

55. Meteoroids & Meteors *Meteoroids: small, rocky bodies
Diameter of less than 1 mm
Pieces of matter that become detached from passing comets or the result of collisions between asteroids
*Meteor: (shooting stars) a bright streak of light that results when a meteoroid burns up in the Earth’s atmosphere
*Meteor shower: large number of small meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere in a short period of time

56. *Meteoroid (space)-> Meteor (atmosphere)->Meteorite (Earth’s surface)
*Meteorite: Meteoroid that hits the Earth
Meteorite types: stony, iron, & stony-iron
Meteorites

57. Comet, Asteroid, Planetary Comets
Video:
Bill Nye the Science Guy Activity:

58. Section 4 Summary
*Asteroids are large, rocky bodies. Comets are smaller and are made of rock, ice, and dust.
*The Kupier Belt is located beyond the orbit of Neptune
*Meteoroids are small rocky bodies. The streak of light made when they burn up in the atmosphere is called a meteor. Any part that reaches the ground is called a meteorite.
*Most comets are thought to originate in the Oort cloud.

59. Meteor Shower OBX NC