1. Introduction to Psychoactive Drugs

2. Icebreaker: If I were the President
If you were the President (King, Prime Minister, etc.) of your country, what 3 things would you change related to drug policies, treatment or prevention? ?

3. What are psychoactive drugs?
“…Any chemical substance which, when taken into the body, alters its function physically and/or psychologically....”
(World Health Organization, 1989)
“…any substance people consider to be a drug, with the understanding that this will change from culture to culture and from time to time.”
(Krivanek, 1982)

4. What are psychoactive drugs?
Psychoactive drugs interact with the central nervous system (CNS) affecting:
mental processes and behaviour
perceptions of reality
level of alertness
level of response time
level of perception of the world

5. Why do people initiate drug use?
Much, if not most, drug use is motivated (at least initially) by the pursuit of pleasure.
Key Motivators & Conditioning Factors
Forget (stress / pain amelioration)
Functional (purposeful)
Fun (pleasure)
Psychiatric disorders
Social / educational disadvantages
Also, initiation starts through:
Experimental use
Peer pressure
After repeated drug use, “deciding” to use drugs is no longer voluntary because
DRUGS CHANGE THE BRAIN!

6. What is drug addiction?
Drug addiction is a complex illness characterised by compulsive, and at times, uncontrollable drug craving, seeking, and use that persist even in the face of extremely negative consequences.

7. Characteristics of drug addiction
Compulsive behaviour
Behaviour is reinforcing (rewarding or pleasurable)
Loss of control in limiting intake
Important terminology
Psychological craving
Tolerance
Withdrawal symptoms

8. Psychological craving- It is a strong desire or urge to use drugs
Psychological craving- It is a strong desire or urge to use drugs. Cravings are most apparent during drug withdrawal.
Tolerance- It is a state in which a person no longer responds to a drug as they did before, and a higher dose is required to achieve the same effect.
Withdrawal- The following symptoms may occur when drug use is reduced or discontinued:
Tremors, chills
Cramps
Emotional problems
Cognitive and attention deficits
Hallucinations
Convulsions
Death

9. Classifying psychoactive drugs
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Alcohol
Amphetamines
LSD, DMT
Benzodiazepines
Methamphetamine
Mescaline
Opioids
Cocaine
PCP
Solvents
Nicotine
Ketamine
Barbiturates
Khat
Cannabis (high doses)
Cannabis (low doses)
Caffeine
Magic mushrooms
MDMA

11. Alcohol: Basic facts (1) Alcohol: Basic facts (2)
Description: Alcohol or ethylalcohol (ethanol) is present in varying amounts in beer, wine, and liquors
Route of administration: Oral
Acute Effects: Sedation, euphoria, lower heart rate and respiration, slowed reaction time, impaired coordination, coma, death
Withdrawal Symptoms:
Tremors, chills
Cramps
Hallucinations
Convulsions
Delirium tremens
Death

12. Long-term effects of alcohol use
Decrease in blood cells leading to anemia, slow-healing wounds and other diseases
Brain damage, loss of memory, blackouts, poor vision, slurred speech, and decreased motor control
Increased risk of high blood pressure, hardening of arteries, and heart disease
Liver cirrhosis, jaundice, and diabetes
Immune system dysfunction
Stomach ulcers, hemorrhaging, and gastritis
Thiamine (and other) deficiencies
Testicular and ovarian atrophy
Harm to a fetus during pregnancy
Instructions
Read the long-term effects of alcohol use to your audience.
Point to the areas of the body that are affected by the use of alcohol when reading the content to participants.

13. Tobacco: Basic facts (1) Tobacco: Basic facts (2)
Description: Tobacco products contain nicotine plus more than 4,000 chemicals and a dozen gases (mainly carbon monoxide)
Route of administration: Smoking, chewing
Acute Effects: Pleasure; relaxation; increased concentration; release of glucose; increased blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate
Withdrawal Symptoms:
Cognitive / attention deficits
Sleep disturbance
Increased appetite
Hostility
Irritability
Low energy
Headaches

14. Long-term effects of tobacco use
Aneurysm
Cataracts
Cancer (lung and other types)
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Asthma symptoms
Obstructive pulmonary diseases
Heart disease (stroke, heart attack)
Vascular disease
Harm to a fetus during pregnancy, low weight at birth
Death

15. cannabis: Basic facts (1) cannabis: Basic facts (2)
Cannabinoids
cannabis: Basic facts (1)
cannabis: Basic facts (2)
Acute Effects:
Relaxation
Increased appetite
Dry mouth
Altered time sense
Mood changes
Bloodshot eyes
Impaired memory
Reduced nausea
Increased blood pressure
Reduced cognitive capacity
Paranoid ideation
Description: The active ingredient in cannabis is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Marijuana: tops and leaves of the plant Cannabis sativa
Hashish: more concentrated resinous form of the plant
Route of administration:
Smoked as a cigarette or in a pipe
Oral, brewed as a tea or mixed with food

16. Long-term effects of cannabis use
Increase in activation of stress-response system
Amotivational syndrome
Changes in neurotransmitter levels
Psychosis in vulnerable individuals
Increased risk for cancer, especially lung, head, and neck
Respiratory illnesses (cough, phlegm) and lung infections
Immune system dysfunction
Harm to a fetus during pregnancy
Cannabis: Basic facts (3)
Withdrawal Symptoms:
Insomnia
Restlessness
Loss of appetite
Irritability
Sweating
Tremors
Nausea
Diarrhea

17. solvents: Basic facts (1) solvents : Basic facts (2)
Acute Effects:
lack of coordination
Dizziness
euphoria
difficulty speaking
brain damage
organ damage
death caused by choking
high only lasts a few minutes, abusers inhale repeatedly and can lose consciousness or die
Description: Solvent abuse also known as volatile substance abuse, solvent abuse, sniffing, huffing and bagging – is the deliberate inhalation of a volatile substance to achieve an altered mental state.
Route of administration:
"sniffing" or "snorting" fumes from containers
spraying aerosols directly into the nose or mouth
inhaling from balloons filled with nitrous oxide

18. Long-term effects of solvents use
Muscle weakness
Disorientation
Lack of coordination
Irritability
Depression
Serious and sometimes irreversible damage to the heart, liver, kidneys, lungs and brain
Memory impairment, diminished intelligence
Hearing loss
Bone marrow damage
Deaths from heart failure or asphyxiation (loss of oxygen)

19. MDMA Acute Effects: MDMA : Basic facts (1) MDMA: Basic facts (2)
Intense feelings of affection and warmth.
Increased energy.
Increased libido.
Anxiety, paranoia and anger.
Confusion.
Loss of consciousness.
Insomnia and disturbing dreams.
Muscle pain.
Description: MDMA, better known as ecstasy because of its ability to produce powerful feelings of warmth and affection, is a synthetic club drug with both stimulant and mild hallucinogenic properties.
Route of administration:
Often taken in pill or tablet form

20. Long-term effects of MDMA use

21. Benzodiazepine : Basic facts (1) Benzodiazepine : Basic facts (2)
Acute Effects:
Drowsiness.
Dizziness.
Double vision.
Slurred speech.
Muscle weakness.
Slowed reaction
time.
Incoordination.
Poor concentration
and memory.
Confusion.
Stupor.
Description: Benzodiazepines act primarily on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and, through this molecular interaction, increase levels of inhibitory brain signaling—depressing the central nervous system and resulting in sedation and feelings of relaxation.
Route of administration:
Often taken in pill or tablet form

22. Long-term effects of Benzodiazepine use

23. GHB Acute Effects: GHB : Basic facts (1) GHB : Basic facts (2)
Description: GHB is available as an odorless, colorless drug that may be combined with alcohol and given to unsuspecting victims prior to sexual assaults. It may have a soapy or salty taste. Use for sexual assault has resulted in GHB being known as a “date rape” drug.
Route of administration:
GHB, typically with alcohol use
Acute Effects:
Amnesia
Euphoria
Lack of inhibitions
Nausea
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Agitation
Blurred vision
Unconsciousness
Slowed breathing

24. Long-term effects of Ghb use

25. Ketamine : Basic facts (1) Ketamine : Basic facts (2)
Acute Effects:
Disorientation.
Feelings of detachment/ dissociation.
Hallucinations.
Slowed or difficult
breathing.
Mood changes.
Depression.
Impaired ability
to think or learn.
Nausea and vomiting.
Memory impairment.
Description: Ketamine (often called "K," "Special K" or "Vitamin K") is a potent dissociative anesthetic, meaning it provides feelings of detachment from one's body.
Route of administration:
The drug is either snorted in powder form or ingested orally.

26. Long-term effects of ketamine use

27. Heroin Acute Effects: Heroin : Basic facts (1)
Acute Effects:
Some users report immediate negative symptoms from the drug like:
Nausea.
Vomiting.
Itching.
Dry mouth.
Feeling drowsy and sleepy for several hours.
Having a foggy mental state.
Slowed breathing.
Slowed heart rate.
"Nodding," where the user will alternate between periods of being awake and asleep.
Description: Heroin is a substance that is both illegal and extremely addictive. The substance derives from opium from the poppy plant before it is refined to morphine, then further chemically modified to become heroin.
Route of administration:
These different forms of heroin can be smoked, snorted, or injected under the skin, into muscle, or directly into the veins.

28. Long-term effects of Heroin use

29. Cocaine+Crack : Basic facts (1) Conaine+crack : Basic facts (2)
Acute Effects:
Irritability.
Anxiety.
Headache.
Depression.
Aggressive,
paranoid behavior.
Abdominal pain.
Sudden death due
to heart attack
or stroke.
Description:Cocaine is a stimulant drug-more alert and energetic
Cocaine is a white powder comes from the leaves of coca plant
Can be one of the hardest drugs to quit
Route of administration:
These different forms of heroin can be smoked, snorted, or injected under the skin, into muscle, or directly into the veins.

30. Long-term effects of Cocaine+crack use

31. Crystal Meth: Basic facts (1) Crystal Meth: Basic facts (2)
Acute Effects:
Anxiety.
Depression.
Fatigue.
Violent behavior.
Seizures.
Respiratory or
airway abnormalities.
Persistently elevated heart rate, placing users at risk for heart attack.
Description: Methamphetamine is an illegal drug in the same class as cocaine and other powerful street drugs. It has many nicknames—meth, crank, chalk or speed being the most common.
Route of administration:
These different forms of heroin can be smoked, snorted, or injected under the skin, into muscle, or directly into the veins.

32. Long-term effects of Crystal meth use

33. Substance abuse and society
What are the effects of substance abuse on society?
Spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C through sharing needles, or having unprotected sex
EFFECTS OF DRUG USE ON CHILD
Miscarriages
Premature birth
Low birth weight
Birth defects
Developmental problems
A baby’s health problems, if caused by a drug will continue to grow as the child grows.

34. Substance abuse and society
CRIME
drug possession
drug use
drug trafficking
drug manufacturing
theft
break and enter
robbery
motor vehicle theft
HOMELESSNESS

35. Thankyou created by samarth dandotiya