1. Basic Lecture II: Definition of Tally
PHITS
Multi-Purpose Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System
Basic Lecture II:
Definition of Tally
PHITS講習会　基礎実習
Jun revised
title 1

2. Purpose of This Lecture
Learn how to deduce various physics quantities from the PHITS simulation
You can obtain this kind of results at the end of this lecture
Particle fluence (left) and depth-dose distribution (right) for the simulation condition for homework
Purpose 2

3. Contents of Lecture II Introduction and usage of “Tally”
What is Tally?
Introduction and usage of “Tally”
How to use Tally for checking geometry
How to use Tally for calculating physical quantities
Kinds of Tally
Summary
Contents 3

4. What is Tally?
Tally: a record of the number or amount of something, especially one that you can keep adding to;
[Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (7th edition), OXFORD.]
In PHITS, the word of “Tally” used for functions to
Deduce physical quantities such as flux and heat, or
Depict the 2D or 3D geometry in certain area
What is tally? 4

5. Concept of Tally
PHITS simulates the motion of each particle using the Monte Carlo method. You can estimate their average behavior by calculating various physical quantities as flux and deposition energy in a certain region, using “Tally”
How many particles were passed through this region?
→ Use “track-length” tally
Result of [t-track] (Track-length tally)
What is tally? 5

6. Tally Types For example…
Various tally functions are implemented in PHITS
Many physical quantities can be deduced from the PHITS simulation by selecting appropriate tally
For example…
Calculating physical quantity
Particle flux　→ [t-track], [t-cross]
Heat and deposition energy → [t-heat], [t-deposit]
Secondary particles → [t-yield], [t-product]
LET or microdosimetric distribution → [t-let], [t-sed]
Checking geometry
2-dimensional visualization → [t-gshow], [t-rshow]
3-dimensional visualization → [t-3dshow]
Kinds of Tally in PHITS 6

7. Contents of Lecture II Introduction and usage of “Tally”
What is Tally?
Introduction and usage of “Tally”
How to use Tally for checking geometry
How to use Tally for calculating physical quantities
Kinds of Tally
Summary
Contents 7

8. Tally for checking geometry
Geometry Check
Every time you construct new geometry, it is better to check the geometry using [t-track] with gshow option(2D) or [t-3dshow](3D)
Otherwise you would obtain wrong results without noticing miss-definition of the geometry, especially when you make an overlapping region!
Tally for checking geometry 8

9. Tally for checking geometry
Exercise 1
Confirm the geometry of lec02.inp in 2 dimensional view using gshow option in [t-track] tally.
Set icntl=8 in [parameters] section and execute PHITS.
(You have to set icntl=8, when you use gshow option in tallies.)
lec02.inp
[ M a t e r i a l ]
mat[1] H 2 O 1
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
[ S u r f a c e ]
10 so
11 cz
12 pz
13 pz
[ C e l l ]
#101
A water cylinder with a radius of 10 cm and a height of 50 cm.
10 cm
50 cm
Tally for checking geometry 9

10. Tally for checking geometry
Answer 1
Confirm the geometry of lec02.inp in 2 dimensional view using gshow option in [t-track] tally.
lec02.inp
track_xy.eps
xy-plane
[ P a r a m e t e r s ]
icntl = 8
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
[ T - T r a c k ]
　 axis = xy
file = track_xy.out
part = all
gshow = 3
epsout = 1
　axis = xz
file = track_xz.out
The radius is 10cm.
track_xz.eps
xz-plane
gshow option
The height is 50cm.
Tally for checking geometry 10

11. Tally for checking geometry
Exercise 2
Confirm the geometry of lec02.inp in 3 dimensional view using [t-3dshow] tally.
Copy & paste [t-3dshow] section from t-3dshow.inp.
Set “icntl=11” in [parameters] section and execute PHITS.
track_xy.eps
track_xz.eps
How is this geometry shown in 3 dimensions?
Tally for checking geometry 11

12. Tally for checking geometry
Answer 2
Confirm the geometry of lec02.inp in 3 dimensional view using [t-3dshow] tally.
lec02.inp
[ P a r a m e t e r s ]
icntl = 11
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
[ T - 3 D s h o w ]
output = 3
x0 = 0
y0 = 0
z0 = 20
e-the = 90 $ eye
e-phi = 0
e-dst = 120
l-the = 90 $ light
l-phi = 0
l-dst = 100
w-wdt = 50 $ window
w-hgt = 50
w-dst = 30
3dshow.eps
Tally for checking geometry 12

13. Parameters used in [t-3dshow]
Origin (x0,y0,z0)
(e-the,e-phi,e-dst)
w-hgt
(w-mnh)
w-dst
w-wdt
(w-mnw)
e-dst
Picture Flame
Eye Point
Light source
(l-the,l-phi,l-dst)
w-mnw × w-mnh ＝ #Pixel
100 × 100 (default)
Polar
Coordinates
Polar coordinates
XYZ-coordinates
Tally for checking geometry 13

14. Tally for checking geometry
Exercise 3
Let’s rotate the picture.
lec02.inp
[ T - 3 D s h o w ]
output = 3
x0 = 0
y0 = 0
z0 = 20
e-the = 135 $ eye
e-phi = 45
e-dst = 120
l-the = 90 $ light
l-phi = 0
l-dst = 100
w-wdt = 50 $ window
w-hgt = 50
w-dst = 30
heaven = y
mirror = 0
line = 1
shadow = 2
resol = 1
file = 3dshow.out
title = Check geometry using [T-3dshow] tally
epsout = 1
[ T - 3 D s h o w ]
output = 3
x0 = 0
y0 = 0
z0 = 20
e-the = 135 $ eye
e-phi = 0
e-dst = 120
l-the = 90 $ light
l-phi = 0
l-dst = 100
w-wdt = 50 $ window
w-hgt = 50
w-dst = 30
heaven = y
mirror = 0
line = 1
shadow = 2
resol = 1
file = 3dshow.out
title = Check geometry using [T-3dshow] tally
epsout = 1
[ T - 3 D s h o w ]
output = 3
x0 = 0
y0 = 0
z0 = 20
e-the = 90 $ eye
e-phi = 0
e-dst = 120
l-the = 90 $ light
l-phi = 0
l-dst = 100
w-wdt = 50 $ window
w-hgt = 50
w-dst = 30
heaven = y
mirror = 0
line = 1
shadow = 2
resol = 1
file = 3dshow.out
title = Check geometry using [T-3dshow] tally
epsout = 1
Rotate zenith angle of
eye-point by 45 deg
Rotate azimuthal angle
of eye-point by 45 deg
“Heaven” is Y direction
3dshow.eps
Tally for checking geometry 14

15. Contents of Lecture II Introduction and usage of “Tally”
What is Tally?
Introduction and usage of “Tally”
How to use Tally for checking geometry
How to use Tally for calculating physical quantities
Kinds of Tally
Summary
Contents 15

16. Tally for calculating physical quantities
How to define Tally
You have to determine …
What kind of physical quantity
Select type of tally: [t-track], [t-deposit] etc.
in where
Select geometrical mesh: mesh= reg, xyz, r-z
of what particle
Select particle type: part = neutron, proton etc.
in which unit e.g. (cm/source), (1/cm2/source) etc.
Select unit: unit = 1, 2, 3 …
in what output form
Select output axis: axis = eng, reg, xy, etc.
Tally for calculating physical quantities 16

17. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Example of [t-track] tally in lec02.inp.
[ T - T R A C K ]
title = Track Detection in xyz mesh
mesh = xyz
x-type = 2
nx = 25
xmin = -25.
xmax = 25.
y-type = 2
ny = 25
ymin = -25.
ymax = 25.
z-type = 1
nz = 1
e-type = 1
ne = 1
unit = 1
axis = xy
file = track_xy.out
part = all
gshow = 3
epsout = 1
[T-track]: Tally for calculating track-length or flux of particles in certain regions
Geometrical mesh
[T-track] can be used for visualizing particle trajectories by setting small mesh for tallying region
Unit of output
Output form
Particle type
Tally for calculating physical quantities 17

18. Visualize Particle Trajectory
z-axis
x-axis
method of track detection 18

19. Visualize Particle Trajectory
z-axis
x-axis
method of track detection 19

20. Visualize Particle Trajectory
z-axis
x-axis
method of track detection 20

21. Visualize Particle Trajectory
z-axis
虹の配色（赤・橙・黄・緑・青・藍・紫）
x-axis
method of track detection 21

22. Visualize Particle Trajectory
z-axis
x-axis
method of track detection 22

23. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Exercise 4
Confirm particle fluence using [t-track] tally.
Set “icntl=0” in [parameters] section and execute PHITS.
lec02.inp
A carbon beam of 250MeV/u
[ S o u r c e ]
s-type = 1
proj = 12C
dir = 1.0
r0 = 2.5
z0 = -10.
z1 = -10.
e0 =
How is the behavior of the particles?
Tally for calculating physical quantities 23

24. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Answer 4
Confirm particle fluence using [t-track] tally.
lec02.inp
[ P a r a m e t e r s ]
icntl = 0
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
[ T - T r a c k ]
axis = xy
file = track_xy.out
part = all
gshow = 3
epsout = 1
axis = xz
file = track_xz.out
Output file
In the case of 2D-plot, error files (_err.eps) are made.
Making an eps file using name specified by “file=”.
(***.out → ***.eps)
Tally for calculating physical quantities 24

25. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Answer 4
Confirm particle fluence using [t-track] tally.
lec02.inp
[ P a r a m e t e r s ]
icntl = 0
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
[ T - T r a c k ]
axis = xy
file = track_xy.out
part = all
gshow = 3
epsout = 1
axis = xz
file = track_xz.out
track_xy.eps
track_xz.eps
A carbon beam of 250MeV/u with a radius of 2.5cm
Tally for calculating physical quantities 25

26. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Error file (*_err.eps)
In the case of 2D-plot such as tallies with “axis=xy, rz”, statistical errors are output in another file named *_err.eps.
Warm colors indicate that relative standard errors are large (close to 1), while cold colors mean small errors.
track_xz_err.eps
track_xy_err.eps
Tally for calculating physical quantities 26

27. Tally for calculating physical quantities
How to define Tally
You have to determine …
What kind of physical quantity
Select type of tally: [t-track], [t-deposit] etc.
in where
Select geometrical mesh: mesh= reg, xyz, r-z
of what particle
Select particle type: part = neutron, proton etc.
in which unit e.g. (cm/source), (1/cm2/source) etc.
Select unit: unit = 1, 2, 3 …
in what output form
Select output axis: axis = eng, reg, xy, etc.
Tally for calculating physical quantities 27

28. Geometrical Mesh Types
There are 3 types of geometrical mesh in PHITS
xyz mesh:
Divide the regions
in XYZ coordinates
r-z mesh:
Divide the regions
in Cylindrical coordinates
reg mesh:
Divide the regions
in cells defined in
PHITS virtual space Z R Z Y X
Tally for calculating physical quantities 28

29. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Geometrical Mesh
[ T - T R A C K ]
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
mesh = xyz
x-type = 2
nx = 25
xmin = -25.
xmax = 25.
y-type = 2
ny = 25
ymin = -25.
ymax = 25.
z-type = 1
nz = 1
e-type = 1
ne = 1
unit = 1
axis = xy
file = track_xy.out
part = all
gshow = 3
epsout = 1
lec02.inp
mesh = xyz
:Define tally region according
to xyz coordinates
　⇒ You need to specify
x-type, y-type, z-type
X-axis (x-type = 2)
: xmin (minimum value)
: xmax (maximum value)
: nx　(number of mesh)
Z-axis (z-type = 1)
: nz　(number of mesh)
: (Boundaries, nz+1）
Tally for calculating physical quantities 29

30. Tally for calculating physical quantities
How to Define Mesh
Mesh is a common concept used in many tallies
x-type, y-type, z-type, r-type, e-type, t-type, a-type etc.
x-axis y-axis z-axis radius energy time angle
You can define each mesh using the following 5 types
1: Define #mesh and their boundaries
2,3: Define #mesh and their minimum & maximum values
(2: linear, 3: logarithmic interval)
e-type = 1
ne = 10
e-type = 2
ne = 100
emin = 0
emax = 1000
e-type = 3
ne = 100
emin = 0.1
emax = 5000
4,5: Define interval of mesh and their minimum & maximum values
(4: linear, 5: logarithmic interval)
e-type = 4
edel = 100
emin = 0
emax = 5000
e-type = 5
edel = 1.301
emin = 0.1
emax = 5000
=log10(20)
Replace “e” to “x” if you want to define x-mesh
Tally for calculating physical quantities 30

31. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Exercise 5
In order to look the figures more clearly, increase the number of mesh in the [t-track] tally.
Multiply nx and ny in the [t-track] section with “axis=xy” by four.
Multiply nx and nz in the [t-track] section with “axis=xz” by four.
track_xy.eps
track_xz.eps
A higher resolution is needed.
Tally for calculating physical quantities 31

32. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Answer 5
In order to look the figures more clearly, increase the number of mesh in the [t-track] tally.
lec02.inp
[ T - T R A C K ]
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
mesh = xyz
x-type = 2
nx =
xmin = -25.
xmax = 25.
y-type = 2
ny =
ymin = -25.
ymax = 25.
z-type = 1
nz = 1
axis = xy
file = track_xy.out
part = all
gshow = 3
epsout = 1
track_xy.eps
We can look the figure with good resolution by increase nx and ny.
Tally for calculating physical quantities 32

33. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Answer 5
In order to look the figures more clearly, increase the number of mesh in the [t-track] tally.
lec02.inp
[ T - T R A C K ]
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
mesh = xyz
x-type = 2
nx =
xmin = -25.
xmax = 25.
y-type = 1
ny = 1
z-type = 2
nz =
zmin = -20.
zmax = 80.
axis = xz
file = track_xz.out
part = all
gshow = 3
epsout = 1
track_xz.eps
Tally for calculating physical quantities 33

34. Tally for calculating physical quantities
How to define Tally
You have to determine …
What kind of physical quantity
Select type of tally: [t-track], [t-deposit] etc.
in where
Select geometrical mesh: mesh= reg, xyz, r-z
of what particle
Select particle type: part = neutron, proton etc.
in which unit e.g. (cm/source), (1/cm2/source) etc.
Select unit: unit = 1, 2, 3 …
in what output form
Select output axis: axis = eng, reg, xy, etc.
Tally for calculating physical quantities 34

35. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Exercise 6
Show the fluence of each particle separately.
Replace “part=all” in the [t-track] tally with “axis=xz” by “part=12C proton neutron”.
lec02.inp
[ T - T R A C K ]
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
axis = xz
file = track_xz.out
part = all
gshow = 3
epsout = 1
track_xz.eps
How are the behaviors of 12C, proton, and neutron?
Tally for calculating physical quantities 35

36. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Answer 6
Show the fluence of each particle separately.
track_xz.eps
lec02.inp
12C
1st page
[ T - T R A C K ]
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
axis = xz
file = track_xz.out
part = 12C proton neutron
gshow = 3
epsout = 1
proton
2nd page
neutron
3rd page
In GSview, you can switch the pages of *.eps by space and backspace keys
Tally for calculating physical quantities 36

37. Tally for calculating physical quantities
How to define Tally
You have to determine …
What kind of physical quantity
Select type of tally: [t-track], [t-deposit] etc.
in where
Select geometrical mesh: mesh= reg, xyz, r-z
of what particle
Select particle type: part = neutron, proton etc.
in which unit e.g. (cm/source), (1/cm2/source) etc.
Select unit: unit = 1, 2, 3 …
in what output form
Select output axis: axis = eng, reg, xy, etc.
Tally for calculating physical quantities 37

38. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Exercise 7
Show the particle fluence as a function of its energy.
lec02.inp
[ T - T R A C K ]
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
x-type = 2
nx =
xmin = -25.
xmax = 25.
y-type = 1
ny = 1
z-type = 2
nz =
zmin = -20.
zmax = 80.
e-type = 1
ne = 1
unit = 1
axis = xz
file = track_xz.out
Replace “axis=xz” by “axis=eng”.
Set “e-type=2” and set ne, emin, and emax to be 100, 0, and 5000, respectively. (See “ How to Define Mesh” in 30 page.)
Set “nx=1” and “nz=1” to reduce the number of pages of output.
Change the output file name to “track_eng.out”.
Tally for calculating physical quantities 38

39. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Answer 7
Show the particle fluence as a function of its energy.
lec02.inp
[ T - T R A C K ]
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
x-type = 2
nx = 1
xmin = -25.
xmax = 25.
y-type = 1
ny = 1
z-type = 2
nz = 1
zmin = -20.
zmax = 80.
e-type = 2
ne = $
emin = 0.0
emax =
unit = 1
axis = eng
file = track_eng.out
・ ・ ・ ・ ・
The beam energy is 250×12=3000MeV
in “MeV”
(not MeV/n)
track_eng.eps
Energy distribution of each particle
Tally for calculating physical quantities 39

40. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Exercise 8
Change the horizontal axis to Logarithmic scale.
Set “e-type=3” and “emin=1.0”.
lec02.inp
[ T - T R A C K ]
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
e-type = 2
ne = $
emin = 0.0
emax =
unit = 1
axis = eng
file = track_eng.out
・ ・ ・ ・ ・
track_eng.eps
This figure is shown in linear scale.
Tally for calculating physical quantities 40

41. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Answer 8
Change the horizontal axis to Logarithmic scale.
lec02.inp
[ T - T R A C K ]
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
e-type = 3
ne = $
emin = 1.0
emax =
unit = 1
axis = eng
file = track_eng.out
・ ・ ・ ・ ・
track_eng.eps
We can confirm the low energy region in detail.
Tally for calculating physical quantities 41

42. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Exercise 9
Show the energy distributions on the inside and outside of the cylinder.
lec02.inp
[ T - T R A C K ]
mesh = xyz
Add “reg parameter”
x-type = 2
nx = 1
xmin = -25.
xmax = 25.
y-type = 1
ny = 1
z-type = 2
nz = 1
zmin = -20.
zmax = delete
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
Change to region mesh（mesh = reg）
By adding “reg= ***”, specify the two regions to tally; 101(inside) and 110(outside)
Delete or comment out parameters for mesh = xyz
Tally for calculating physical quantities 42

43. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Answer 9
Show the energy distributions inside and outside of the cylinder.
lec02.inp
[ T - T R A C K ]
mesh = reg
reg =
$ x-type = 2
$ nx = 1
$ xmin = -25.
$ xmax = 25.
$ y-type = 1
$ ny = 1 $
$ z-type = 2
$ nz = 1
$ zmin = -20.
$ zmax = 80.
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
In water
outside
Tally for calculating physical quantities 43

44. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Exercise 10
Confirm energy deposition using [t-deposit] tally.
Copy & paste [t-deposit] section from t-deposit.inp.
t-deposit.inp
[ T - Deposit ]
title = Energy deposition in xyz mesh
mesh = xyz
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
unit = 1
material = all
output = dose
axis = xz
file = deposit.out
part = all
gshow = 1
epsout = 1
[T-deposit]: Tally for calculating deposit energy in materials
Tally for calculating physical quantities 44

45. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Answer 10
Confirm energy deposition using [t-deposit] tally.
deposit.eps
Energy deposition by the carbon beam.
Energy deposition by the secondary particles.
Tally for calculating physical quantities 45

46. Tally for calculating physical quantities
How to define Tally
You have to determine …
What kind of physical quantity
Select type of tally: [t-track], [t-deposit] etc.
in where
Select geometrical mesh: mesh= reg, xyz, r-z
of what particle
Select particle type: part = neutron, proton etc.
in which unit e.g. (cm/source), (1/cm2/source) etc.
Select unit: unit = 1, 2, 3 …
in what output form
Select output axis: axis = eng, reg, xy, etc.
Tally for calculating physical quantities 46

47. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Exercise 11
Change the unit of the output of the [t-deposit] tally, [MeV/cm3/source], to [Gy/source].
Replace “unit=1” by “unit=0”.
lec02.inp
[ T - Deposit ]
title = Energy deposition in xyz mesh
mesh = xyz
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
unit = 1
material = all
output = dose
axis = xz
file = deposit.out
part = all
gshow = 1
epsout = 1
Calculating deposit energy in the unit of Gy=J/kg.
Note: When a region includes more than two materials, dose in the region does not equal to average value of the region.
　Example; E1/M1+E2/M2 [PHITS]
≠ (E1+ E2)/(M1+ M2) [average dose]
Tally for calculating physical quantities 47

48. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Answer 11
Change the unit of the output of the [t-deposit] tally, [MeV/cm3/source], to [Gy/source].
lec02.inp
[ T - Deposit ]
title = Energy deposition in xyz mesh
mesh = xyz
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
unit = 0
material = all
output = dose
axis = xz
file = deposit.out
part = all
gshow = 1
epsout = 1
deposit.eps
The unit and its scale have changed.
Tally for calculating physical quantities 48

49. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Exercise 12
Show z-distribution of the energy deposition in the water cylinder using r-z mesh.
Replace “mesh=xyz” by “mesh=r-z” and set r-type and z-type sub-sections.
Set radial range from 0 to 10 cm
Replace “axis=xz” by “axis=z”.
lec02.inp
[ T - Deposit ]
title = Energy deposition in xyz mesh
mesh = xyz
x-type = 2
xmin =
xmax =
nx = 100
y-type = 1
ny = 1
z-type = 2
zmin =
zmax =
nz = 200
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
axis = xz
file = deposit.out R Z
Plot the depth distribution of the energy deposition on r-z mesh.
Tally for calculating physical quantities 49

50. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Answer 12
Show z-distribution of the energy deposition in the water cylinder using r-z mesh.
lec02.inp
[ T - Deposit ]
title = Energy deposition in xyz mesh
mesh = r-z
$ x-type = 2
$ xmin =
$ xmax =
$ nx = 100
r-type = 1
nr = 1
z-type = 2
zmin =
zmax =
nz = 200
・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・
axis = z
file = deposit.out
deposit.eps
A Bragg peak of the carbon beam is shown at z=12cm.
Tally for calculating physical quantities 50

51. Tally for calculating physical quantities
Graphic utility ANGEL
What is ANGEL?
A software to convert text data files(*.out) to image files(*.eps).
You can adjust regions of vertical axes by setting angel parameter in the tally sections. (See the ANGEL manual for details of angel parameters)
You can write angel parameters to the *.out files directly.
You can execute only ANGEL by ”right-click→send to→ANGEL”（Windows） or ”drag&drop to the ANGEL ion”（Mac）. (You don’t have to execute PHITS again only to re-draw the image files.)
For example, add
p: ymin(1e-11) ymax(1e-9)
to deposit.out, and then execute ANGEL.
The region of the vertical axis changes.
Tally for calculating physical quantities 51

52. 3D visualization software ParaView
A free software for 3D visualization
Draw 3D view of tally results for mesh = xyz
You can output tally results in ParaView format (*.vtk) by specifying “vtkout = 1” in each tally section
「実習」　前の基本的な話から
ParaView + PHITS sample (lecture\advanced\ParaView)
Purpose 52

53. Contents of Lecture II Introduction and usage of “Tally”
What is Tally?
Introduction and usage of “Tally”
How to use Tally for checking geometry
How to use Tally for calculating physical quantities
Kinds of Tally
Summary
Contents 53

54. List of All Tallies in PHITS
[t-gshow]
2D geometry visualization
[t-rshow]
2D geometry visualization with physical quantities
[t-3dshow]
3D geometry visualization
[t-track]
Particle fluence in a certain region
[t-cross]
Particle fluence crossing at a certain surface
[t-point]
Particle fluence at a certain point
[t-heat]
Heat generation in a certain region
[t-deposit]
Deposit energy in a certain region
[t-deposit2]
Deposit energies in certain two regions
[t-yield]
Residual nuclei yield in a certain region
[t-product]
Produced particle in a certain region
[t-dpa]
Displacement Per Atom (DPA) in a certain region
[t-let]
LET distribution in a certain region
[t-sed]
Microdosimetric quantity distribution in a certain region
[t-time]
Time information of particle in a certain region
[t-star]
Star density (reaction rate) in a certain region
[t-dchain]
Residual nuclide yields (in combination with DCHAIN-SP)
[t-userdefined]
Any quantities that user defined
Visualize geometry
Deduce physical quantity
Kinds of tally in PHITS 54

55. [t-3dshow]
Tally for visualizing the geometry in 3-dimension from a viewpoint of a certain location in PHITS virtual space
Activated only when icntl=11 in the [parameters] section
Kinds of tally in PHITS 55

56. [t-3dshow](for your FUN!)
You can rotate [t-3dshow] picture using Python software
See “/phits/utility/rotate3dshow” in more detail
Tally for checking geometry 56

57. [t-gshow]
Tally for visualizing the geometry in 2-dimension cut by certain slices
Show region boundary, cell number, material ID etc.
Other tallies can be used for this purpose by setting icntl=8 in the [parameters] section (see Lecture I)
Kinds of tally in PHITS 57

58. [t-track]
Tally for calculating track-length (cm) of particles in certain regions
Average flux (/cm2) in the region can be also deduced from this tally, dividing the track length (cm) by the volume of the region (cm3)
You can visualize the trajectory of particle using [t-track] by setting small mesh for tallying regions
Kinds of tally in PHITS 58

59. [t-cross]
Tally for calculating flux or current (/cm2) of particles crossing certain surfaces
Current is simply added by 1 when a particle cross the surface, while flux is added by 1/cos(q)
Kinds of tally in PHITS 59

60. [t-point]
Tally for calculating flux (/cm2) of neutron and/or photon at a certain point or ring
Some limitations of use exist (see phits/utility/tpoint)
[t-point]
[t-track]
Neutron and photon fluences calculated by [t-point] and [t-track] for similar conditions
Kinds of tally in PHITS 60

61. [t-heat], [t-deposit] Kinds of tally in PHITS 61
Tally for calculating deposition energy (MeV) in certain regions
Only ionization energy losses by charged particles are scored by [t-deposit] tally → Event-by-event data can be also deduced!
Neutron and photon doses are calculated by the Kerma approximation in [t-heat] tally
Bragg peak calculated by [t-heat] tally
Kinds of tally in PHITS 61

62. [t-yield], [t-product]
Tally for calculating the number of secondary particles generated by nuclear reactions in certain regions
Energy or time distribution of secondary particles can be obtained from [t-product] tally
Yield of each nuclide can be depicted on nuclear chart using [t-yield] tally
Example of [t-yield] tally
Kinds of tally in PHITS 62

63. [t-dpa]
Tally for calculating the radiation damage index DPA in certain regions
DPA is the average number of displaced atoms per atom of a material, and is calculated from the flux multiplied with the damage cross section
Depth-DPA distribution calculated using [t-dpa]
Kinds of tally in PHITS 63

64. [t-let], [t-sed]
Tally for calculating the probability densities of deposition energy or flux in terms of LET, lineal energy (y), or specific energy (z) in microscopic sites distributed in certain regions
Useful for radiobiological calculations
*SED represents
Specific Energy Distribution
Example of [t-let] tally
Kinds of tally in PHITS 64

65. [t-deposit2]
Tally for calculating event-by-event deposition energies in two regions
Output the contour map of their correlation
Useful for simulating experimental data obtained by using two detectors
Example of [t-deposit2] tally
Kinds of tally in PHITS 65

66. Kinds of tallies in PHITS
[t-dchain]
Tally for generating the input files for DCHAIN-SP, which can calculate the time evolution of the radioactive nuclides during and after irradiation
DCHAIN-SP is also included in the PHITS package
Time dependence of radioactivities inside water phantom irradiated by 150 MeV proton for 6 min
Kinds of tallies in PHITS 66

67. Contents of Lecture II Introduction and usage of “Tally”
What is Tally?
Introduction and usage of “Tally”
How to use Tally for checking geometry
How to use Tally for calculating physical quantities
Kinds of Tally
Summary
Contents 67

68. Summary
A variety of information can be deduced from the PHITS simulation using functions called “Tally”
2 types of tallies are implemented in PHITS, one is for visualizing PHITS geometry, and the other is for calculating physical quantities
For defining tally, you have to determine …
You can find the example of each tally in “tallysample” folder
what kind of physical quantity
in where
of what particle
in which unit
in what output form
Summary 68

69. Homework
Depict the neutron and proton fluences, respectively, in your homework study
Adjust [t-deposit] to see the Bragg peak of proton
Investigate the difference of the depth-dose distributions between the inside and outside of beam center (within the radius of 2.5cm or not) by set r-z mesh
Change the minimum & maximum values of y axis in the graph for the depth-dose distribution (set “angel = ymin(XXX) ymax(YYY)” in [t-deposit] tally) (XXX & YYY are the min & max values of the Y axis)
Homework 69

70. Example Answer Homework 70 Proton (up) and neutron (down) fluences
Depth-dose distribution inside (up)
and outside (down) beam radius
Homework 70