1. HST 332: Age of Dictators, Europe 1850-1914
The Race State
The Racial StateIf German people are most concerned about the economy, Hitler has other concerns ﾐ namely realization of his racial ideology and the successful restarting of the war. In establishing his racial state, it is important to remember that no ﾒfinal solutionﾓ to the ﾒJewish problemﾓ was preordained.April 1, SA begins organized blockade of Jewish shops.This backfires on party in that people arenﾕt enthusiastic, is received very poorly overseas.Next move is to expel Jews from all government and educational posts. Hitler must backtrack when Hindenburg insists that decorated veterans not be fired.Aryanization of businesses ﾐ forced salesJuly 4, 1933 ﾐ ﾒLaw for the Prevention of Hereditarily Sick Offspringﾓ over 300,000 sterilizations carried out. Gassings begin in January 1940.September 15, Nuremberg LawsIdentify and isolateIdentify ﾐ Ahnenbuch, catagorization, external markingsIsolate ﾐ restrictions on business practices, marriage laws.Jewish responseEmigration of well-connected or better-to-do (52%, 2/3 of remainder murdered)Community decision to sponsor emigration of next generationNovember 9, Kristalnachtﾒspontaneousﾓ response to murder of German diplomat in Paris by a Jewish youthInner regime struggle between radicals and ﾒmoderatesﾓ for Hitlerﾕs attentionSerious international repurcussionsEven though Germany was on the brink of war with France and Great Britain, Hitler remained sensitive to the feelings of the British.
HST 332: Age of Dictators, Europe

2. Outline Hitler’s racial ideology Difficulties of implementation
Racial science
Hierarchies
Difficulties of implementation
Who’s Jewish?
Legal and personal hurdles

3. Hitlerian “racial science”
Different “races” -ethnic groups - have different essential characteristics.
A persons characteristics are determined by their “blood” - DNA.
The “strength” of a race depends upon the “purity” of their blood.

4. Hitlerian racial hierarchy
Jews
Germanic
Scandinavian
German
Dutch
English
French
Italian
Spanish
Portuguese
Latin
Poles
Czechs
Russians
Slavic
Asians, Africans, Americans

5. Who’s Jewish Characteristics of Germany’s Jewish community
Mostly urban, professional
Building upon old ghetto jobs
Jews in the countryside
Family structure
Religious status
The reality: a community in decline, only sustained by immigration from the East (Ostjuden)
Defining who was Jewish
Nazi ideology: blood not religion

6. Nazi anti-Semitism, 1933-1938 April 1, 1933 boycott
April 7, 1933 – Jews expelled from civil service
Oct 4, 1933 – Jews excluded from press
May 5, 1934 – Jews excluded from medical school exams
July 22, 1934 – Jews excluded from law school exams
May 21, 1935 – Jews excluded from military service

7. The Nuremberg Laws

8. Racial Passport

9. Nazi anti-Semitism, 1933-1938 September 15, 1935 – Nuremberg Laws
March 26, – Jews could no longer run pharmacies
April 3, 1936 – Jews could no longer practice as vets
May 26, 1936 – members of Academy of Fine Arts must be non-Jewish
November 4, 1936 – Jews forbidden to use “Heil Hitler”
April 15, 1937 – Jews forbidden to receive doctorate
April 26, 1938 – all Jewish property valued over 5,000RM must be registered
June 15, 1938 – over 1500 Jews arrested and taken to concentration camps as “asocials”

10. Nazi anti-Semitism,
July 23, 1938 – Jews issued separate ID cards
July 25, 1938 – Jewish doctors can treat only Jewish patients
August 17, 1938 – Jews must take name of “Sara” or “Israel”
September 27, 1938 – Jewish lawyers can only have Jewish clients
October 8, 1938 – 17,000 Jews with Polish citizenship are expelled
November 7, 1938 – a young Jewish-German émigré kills the number 2 man in Germany’s Paris embassy

11. Kristallnacht Riots inspired by the SA break out throughout Germany
91 murders
191 synagogues destroyed
7500 Jewish businesses ransacked
Mass arrests of Jewish men
December – compulsory Aryanization of remaining Jewish firms

12. Kristallnacht

13. Kristallnacht

14. Kristallnacht

15. Kristallnacht Aftermath for the victims Aftermath for the regime
Damage to Jewish property
End to hope
Increased pace of Jewish emigration
Aftermath for the regime
Triumph for the radical line
International condemnation