1. Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

2. How do psychologists describe the human memory system?
Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system.
Storage: The retention of encoded material over time.
Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.

3. Information-Processing Model
How might this model be limited?

4. Sensory Memory
A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information.
Iconic Memory- Sperling’s research
Echoic Memory

5. Short-Term/Working Memory
Short-term Memory
Limited in duration and capacity
Without active processing, have a limited life
Working Memory:
Focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming information
Ex: Restaurant order, cramming for test

6. Long Term Memory Essentially limitless, but not a recording of events
Stored memories are interfered with by attention issues, prior knowledge, and memory decay
Explicit (declarative) memories
Implicit (procedural) memories

7. Get out a sheet of paper

8. How We Encode Spring is the The most beautiful Time of the year.
Automatic Processing vs. Effortful Processing
SPACE, TIME, FREQUENCY, WELL-LEARNED INFORMATION
Can effortful processing become automatic?
Example: Reading
Rehearsal is key!
Rehearsal Demonstration
Individually, do your best to recall and write down the gifts in the Twelve Days of Christmas song.
Spring is the
The most beautiful
Time of the year.

9. How does the distribution of practice influence retention?
Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents…
Spacing Effect
Serial Positioning Effect
Primacy effect
Recency effect
Von Restorff Effect

10. What We Encode
Deep vs. Shallow Processing
What kind of encoding do you think yields the best memory?
Visual encoding
Acoustic encoding
Semantic encoding
The point to remember:
The amount remembered depends both on the time spent learning and on your making it meaningful!

11. Can you give examples of the following:
Mnemonic Devices
Peg-word system
Method of loci
Rosy retrospection
Chunking
Testing Effect
Self-Reference Effect

12. Retrieval: Getting info out
RECALL the seven dwarves…..
Can you add to the list by RECOGNIZING them…

13. Retrieval Cues: Context Matters
Mood-Congruent Memory
Context-Dependent Memory
State-Dependent Memory

14. 3 Sins of Forgetting Why is this difficult? 1. Encoding Failure
i.e. absent mindedness
Much of what we are exposed to, we never notice- examples…
Which is the real penny?
Why is this difficult?

15. 3 Sins of Forgetting 2. Storage Decay Unused information will fade
You will forget your classmates over time

16. 3 Sins of Forgetting 3. Retrieval Failure
Can’t access stored information
Tip-of-Tongue phenomenon
Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information.
Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information.
“I can’t remember what we’re arguing about, either. Let’s keep yelling, and maybe it will come back to us.”
Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number.

17. 3 Sins of Distortion Misattribution- source amnesia
Ex: putting words in someone’s mouth
Suggestibility- lingering effects of misinformation
Ex: a leading question
Bias- beliefs affect recollection
We will discuss these when we watch Hank

18. Memory Construction Memories are not always what they seem.
Elizabeth Loftus
A constructed memory is a created memory.
Misinformation effect