1. Five Basic Shapes of States
Compact
Prorupted
Elongated
Fragmented
Perforted
Landlocked

2. Compact Efficient to govern
Distance from center to boundary does not vary
Beneficial to small states; easy to set up communication systems if capital is in center
Examples: Rwanda and Uganda

3. Prorupted Compact state with a large projecting extension
Can provide access to a resource
Separate two states that would share a boundary
Example: Caprivi strip in Namibia

4. Elongated Regions can be separated from capital
Country may have poor communications
Ex. include Chile and Norway

5. Fragmented State that has several discontinuous pieces of territory.
2 types
Separated by water and separated by another state.

6. Tin Bigha corridor (Fragment)

7. Perforated A state that completely surrounds another state.
Lesotho is surrounded by S. Africa

8. Landlocked states Lacks a direct outlet to the sea.
Most common in Africa, 14 states are landlocked
Ocean access is critical, international trade.
Landlocked states must work with neighboring states to transport goods to the ocean.

9. Gerrymandering
Manipulation of District Lines (for House seats) for political purposes

10. Apportionment •Constitution:
•Occurs every 10 years, after the Census
•Constitution:
▫Seats “be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers”

12. Why redraw the lines? •After the census, lines are redrawn
•States can gain, lose, or keep the same amount of seats
•To provide equal representation

13. Cracking
District lines drawn so that the minority population is broken up
Members of the minority are spread among as many districts as possible, keeping them a minority in every district
Done to prevent strength in the district

14. Packing
Drawing district boundary lines so that the members of the minority are concentrated, or "packed," into as few districts as possible
Become supermajority and have “wasted” votes

15. Hijacking/Kidnapping

16. Types of boundaries
Physical
Geometric
Cultural

17. Physical Boundaries Use physical features to establish boundary.
Mountains
Deserts
Bodies of water, rivers.

18. Geometric Boundaries
Lines drawn on maps that follow specific lines of latitude or longitude.

19. Cultural Boundaries Religious boundaries Language Boundaries
Used in dividing Ireland and Pakistan/India
Language Boundaries
European countries set main boundaries based on language. Ex. France, Germany, and Italy.

20. May also classify boundary when boundary was made.
Antecedent boundary—drawn before an area becomes populated.
Subsequent boundary—drawn after the cultural landscape has been developed.
Consequent boundary is a type of subsequent boundary that is drawn to accommodate differences within a state.
Subsequent superimposed boundaries—boundaries forced on a country by a conquering or colonizing power.

21. What are the government responsibilities inside a state?
establishes the legal code
what kind of currency will be used
may have to join army
speak a common language
kind of religion that is taught in school

22. Boundary Disputes
1. Positional disputes: When states disagree about the interpretations of documents that define a boundary. Usually arise when the boundary is antecedent.
2. Territorial dispute: These arise when a boundary has been superimposed and divides a ethnic population.

23. Boundary Disputes (Cont.)
3. Resource disputes: Disagree to the resources and their use in boundary areas.
4. Functional disputes: arise when neighboring states disagree over policies applied to boundaries. Usually over the issue of land use or immigration.

24. Political Geography (Nation/State)
an independent political unit occupying a defined, populated territory and having full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs.
Nation
is a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory, bound together by a strong sense of unity arising from shared beliefs and customs

25. Relationships between Nations and States
Nation-State
State that has a distinct nation, ex. Japan

26. Relationships between Nations and States
multinational state
A state with many nations within. Ex. Canada

27. Relationships between Nations and States
part-nation state
A single nation that is dispersed and predominant in two or more states.
Ex. Arab Nation

28. Relationships between Nations and States
stateless nation
A people without a state and are not dominant in any state.
Ex. Kurds

29. Korea: One State or Two?

30. Korea A colony of Japan for many years
Divided into two occupation zones after WW II (USSR-North, U.S.- South)
Country divided along the 38th parallel
N. Korea invaded S. Korea in 1950
This started a 3 year war. Border stayed the same as before the war.

31. Korea Both countries want to reunite.
Talks ceased with N. Korea development of nuclear power.
In 1992 both countries were admitted to the UN as separate countries.

32. China and Taiwan: One state or two?

33. China and Taiwan Is the Island of Taiwan a sovereign state?
Until 1999 both agreed that Taiwan was part of China
Civil War fought in late 1940’s between Communists and Nationalists.
Nationalists lost, fled to Taiwan.

34. China and Taiwan
Until 1971, the U.S. recognized the Nationalists as the official govt. of China
Taiwan is the most populous state not in the United Nations

35. Largest States Russia (11% world’s land area) China Canada
United States
Brazil

36. Smallest States (Microstates)
Monaco (Smallest in the UN, .6 sq. mi)
Most are islands and sovereign

37. What is the largest landmass not part of a sovereign state?
Antarctica

38. Antarctica: National Claims
Fig. 8-2: Antarctica is the only large landmass that is not part of a state, but several countries claim portions of it.

39. History of States
Modern movement to divide the world into states originated in Europe.
Can be traced to Middle East and Fertile Crescent
City-states were the first states to evolve
Walls established the boundaries of the city, the country side grew food for city.

40. History of States (Europe)
Ancient world political unity was at its height during the Roman Empire
Collapsed in 5th Century A.D.
European portion divided into estates
Consolidation of estates by kings formed the first states (England, France, and Spain)
Germany and Italy, 19th Century

41. Colonies
A colony is a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent.

42. European Colonialism
European States controlled much of the world through colonialism
3 Reasons
Promote Christianity
Colonies provide resources
Number of colonies = power
God, Gold, and Glory

43. History of Colonialism
Began in 1400s and discovered N. America
From 1776 – 1824 European Powers lost most of their colonies in W. Hemisphere
European powers then focused on Africa and Asia

44. Imperialism v. Colonialism
Colonization of Africa/Asia is referred to as Imperialism
Imperialism is control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society, whereas colonialism is control of previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited land

45. Largest Colonial Powers
United Kingdom had the largest colonial empire.
“Sun never set” on their empire.
France had the second-largest overseas territory.

46. Colonial Practices (France)
France attempted to assimilate colonies into French culture.
France tried to educate an elite group to provide local leadership
After independence a lot of French colonies retained close ties with France.

47. Colonial Practices (The U.K.)
The British created different governments for different territories
This protected the diverse cultures and local customs.
Most British colonies made peaceful transition to independence

48. The Few Remaining colonies
Most Populous Colony—Puerto Rico
One half of population wants to be a state and one half wants to remain a commonwealth of the U.S.
Pitcairn is the least (U.K.)
This is the island settled by mutineers from the ship Bounty
54 people, 2 sq. mi.