1. Stroboscopic Toys
COM 320, History of Film

2. Peter Mark Roget’s essay on persistence of vision (1824, England)

3. Thaumatrope (from the Greek “wonder turning”) Dr
Thaumatrope (from the Greek “wonder turning”) Dr. John Paris (1825) -Spinning disk with complementary drawings on the two sides (e.g., horse + rider = horse with rider; bird + cage = bird in cage)

4. Thaumatrope in action found at: (https://www. youtube. com/watch

5. Phenakistoscope (from the Greek “deceptive viewer”) Joseph Plateau (1832, Belgium) -Also determined 16fr./sec. to be optimal -Coincidentally, same as Simon Ritter von Stampfer’s Stroboscope (1832, Austria)

6. Phenakistoscope (from the Greek “deceptive viewer”) Joseph Plateau (1832, Belgium) -Also determined 16fr./sec. to be optimal -Coincidentally, same as Simon Ritter von Stampfer’s Stroboscope (1832, Austria)

7. Zoetrope (from the Greek “wheel of life”) William George Horner (1834, England) -A revolving drum with hand-drawn stills viewed through slits

8. Magic Lantern -Appeared in early forms as early as late 1600’s -Popular in mid-1800’s, with moving pictures via “dissolving views”

9. Magic Lantern -Appeared in early forms as early as late 1600’s -Popular in mid-1800’s, with moving pictures via “dissolving views” -Was an original type of “4D” experience, with live action, sound effects and music, and even pyrotechnics! View example from Jude (1996; D: Michael Winterbottom, with Kate Winslet)

10. Magic Lantern Animations

11. Praxinoscope Emile Reynaud (1877, France) -Like a zoetrope, but with mirrors -Reynaud later developed a projecting version, and operated his own Theatre Optique from 1892 to 1900

12. Praxinoscope Emile Reynaud (1877, France) -Like a zoetrope, but with mirrors -Reynaud later developed a projecting version, and operated his own Theatre Optique from 1892 to 1900

13. Praxinoscope Animations

14. Zoopraxiscope Eadweard Muybridge (1879, U. S
Zoopraxiscope Eadweard Muybridge (1879, U.S.) -An apparent combo of the phenakistoscope and the projected Magic Lantern -Was not the first such combo, but became prominent with Muybridge’s speaking tours

15. -Zoopraxiscope disc -Zoopraxiscope Animation

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