1. Presentation no: 01 DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS (IT-212) Presentation no: 01 DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS (IT-212)

2.  Analog signals are modified to represent analog data. This conversion is also known as Analog Modulation. Analog modulation is required when bandpass is used. Analog to analog conversion can be done in three ways:

3. Analog data & signals:  Analog data:  Analog data are continuous and take continuous values.  Analog signals:  Analog signal can have an infinite number of values in a range.

4.  In this modulation, the amplitude of the carrier signal is modified to reflect the analog data.

5.  Amplitude modulation is implemented by means of a multiplier. The amplitude of modulating signal (analog data) is multiplied by the amplitude of carrier frequency, which then reflects analog data.  The frequency and phase of carrier signal remain unchanged.

6.  The modulation creates a bandwidth that is twice the bandwidth of the modulating signals and cover a range centered on the carrier frequency  The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal.

7.  The bandwidth of an audio signal(speech and music) is usually 5 KHz. Therefore AM radio station needs a bandwidth 10 KHz.FCC allows 10 KHz for each AM station.  AM stations are allowed carrier frequencies between 530 and 1700 KHz.

8.  In this modulation technique, the frequency of the carrier signal is modified to reflect the change in the voltage levels of the modulating signal (analog data). The amplitude and phase of the carrier signal are not altered.

9.  The total bandwidth required for FM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal:

10.  The bandwidth of an audio signal(speech and music) broadcast in stereo is almost 15 KHz. The FCC allows 200 KHz for each station. FM stations are allowed carrier frequencies everywhere between 88 and 108 MHz.

11.  In the modulation technique, the phase of carrier signal is modulated in order to reflect the change in voltage (amplitude) of analog data signal.

12.  Phase modulation is practically similar to Frequency Modulation, but in Phase modulation frequency of the carrier signal is not increased. Frequency of carrier is signal is changed (made dense and sparse) to reflect voltage change in the amplitude of modulating signal.