1. Shadows over the Pacific: East Asia Under Challenge21
Shadows over the Pacific: East Asia Under Challenge

2. The Qing Empire

3. Decline of the Manchus Opium and Rebellion British problems with China
The opium trade
Reactions by China
Lin Zexu (Lin Tse-hsu; ), 1839
The Opium Wars ( )
Concessions to Britain
Taiping (T’ai p’ing) Rebellion, )
Hong Xiuquan (Hung Hsiu-ch’uan)
Causes of the rebellion

4. Efforts at Reform Self-strengthening
Adoption of Western technology combined with the retention of Confucian principles and institutions
Proponents of more radical reform
Wang Tao (Wang T’ao) (1828 – 1897)

5. Foreign Possessions and Spheres of Influence About 1900

6. The Climax of Imperialism
Russia, France, and Britain penetrate China
Sino-Japanese War,
Emperor Guangxu (Kuang Hsu)
Kang Youwei (K’ang Yu-wei)
Empress Dowager Cixi (Tz’u Hsi)
Opening the Door to China
United States’ “Open Door” policy
Boxer Rebellion, 1900

7. Collapse of the Old Order
Commission formed to study constitutional changes, 1905
Election for a national assembly, 1910
New provincial elite
Rising rural unrest
Reforms do little for the peasants, artisans, miners, transportation workers
Sun Yat-sen ( )
Revive China Society
Revolutionary Alliance
Three People’s Principles of nationalism, democracy, and people’s livelihood
Revolt of October, 1911
General Yaun Shikai (Yaun Shih-k’ai)
Revolution or collapse of the old order?

8. Chinese Society in Transition
Obstacles to industrialization
Traditional methods of production
Little use of Western technology
Rapid increase in the population led to smaller plots of land and tenant farmers
Impact of imperialism on the economy
Western presence accelerated Chinese development
Daily life
Changes in coastal cities
Increased Western cultural presence
Education
Women
Impact of missionaries

9. A Rich Country and a Strong State: The Rise of Modern Japan
Isolation
Emergent commercial and manufacturing center
Tokugawa feudalistic system falling apart
Factionalism and corruption plaguing the central bureaucracy
An End to Isolation
Commodore Matthew C. Perry, 1853
Treaty of Kanagawa
Townsend Harris, 1858
Sat-Cho alliance, 1863
Rebel armies attacked shogun’s palace at Kyoto in 1868 and proclaimed the authority of the emperor who had agreed to end cooperation with the West

10. Meiji Restoration Transformation of Japanese Politics Meiji Economics
Abolish remnants of the old order and strengthen the executive
Charter Oath, 1868
Political parties develop
Meiji Constitution of 1890
Meiji Economics
Land reform
Japan’s industrial revolution
Impact of changes on the rural population
Building a Modern Social structure
Military structure
Education
Changing culture
Civil Code, 1898
Women

11. Japanese Overseas Expansion During the Meiji Era
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12. Joining the Imperialist Club
Conflict with China
Ryukyu Islands
Korea opens ports to Japan
Sino-Japanese rivalry over Korea
Treaty of Shimonoseki
Russo-Japanese War, 1904
Korea annexed in 1908

13. Japanese Culture in Transition
Japan invited technicians, engineers, architects, and artists from Europe and United States
Tokyo School of Fine Arts

14. The Meiji Restoration: A Revolution from Above
Some historians argue it was an incomplete revolution because it did not end economic and social inequalities
Others argue it did put Japan on a path of economic and political development
A “conservative revolution”
Combination of kokutai and capitalism

15. Discussion Questions
How did opium help the British force concessions from the Chinese?
What steps did the Chinese take to block European domination of China? Why did these measures fail?
How did the presence of European powers in China shape Chinese cultural development?
Was the Meiji Restoration a “revolution”?