1. Modelling Sustainable Urban Transport
Josef Janko
Gdansk,

2. Overview Transport Modelling Sustainable Transport
Background
City Examples
Sustainable Transport
Methods
Examples
Implementation of Project Features
Modelling of City Structure Changes
Indicator Determination
Input for the Emission Model TREM

3. Overview Transport Modelling Sustainable Transport
Background
City Examples
Sustainable Transport
Methods
Examples
Implementation of Project Features
Modelling of City Structure Changes
Indicator Determination
Input for the Emission Model TREM

4. Transport Modelling in the SUTRA Environment
Public Health
Environment
Economy
Volumes,
link lengths,
journey times
Volumes,
trip lengths,
journey times
Volumes,
trip lengths,
journey
times
Volumes, speeds, trip lengths, number of cold starts, ratio hot/ cold driving
Volumes, trip lengths, journey times
Transport Model
Emission
Energy
Demand: OD-matrices for different segments
Supply: networks for different modes
City Infrastructure

5. Traffic Behaviour Data
Transport Model :
Software +
Digital Network Data
Structural Data
Traffic Behaviour Data

6. Structural and behavioural data
Transport Model : the Demand Side ...
Population segmentation
Activity chains
Trip Generation
Activity Model
impedance matrix
service quality
Trip Distribution
Gravitation Model
Attractiveness data of zones
Structural and behavioural data
mode attribute matrix
Mode Choice
LOGIT Model
specific mode preferences
OD matrix mode 1
OD matrix mode 2
OD matrix mode n

7. Traffic volumes, journey times, journey costs
Transport Model : ... and the Supply Side
OD matrix mode 2
OD matrix mode 1
OD matrix mode n
impedance matrix
service quality
Traffic Assignment
Network Description
Demand Model
mode attribute matrix
Traffic volumes, journey times, journey costs
Evaluation of schemes

8. Overview Transport Modelling Sustainable Transport
Background
City Examples
Sustainable Transport
Methods
Examples
Implementation of Project Features
Modelling of City Structure Changes
Indicator Determination
Input for the Emission Model TREM

9. Network Model Gdansk

10. Network Model Geneva (1)

11. Network Model Geneva (2)

12. Network Model Genoa (1)

13. Network Model Genoa (2)

14. Network Model Lisbon (1)

15. Network Model Lisbon (2)

16. Network Model Tel Aviv (1)

17. Network Model Tel Aviv (3)

18. Network Model Thessaloniki (1)

19. Network Model Thessaloniki (2)

20. City Networks (1) : Model Statistics
Indicator
Gdansk
Genev a
Genoa
Lisbon
Tel Aviv
Thessaloniki
Network Size
Zones
175
280 82 85
580
316
Nodes
2348
936
285
1124
3144
1386
Links
5546
2900
888
2940
11850
4084
PrT Assignment
average speed [km/h] 73 50 42 16 65 43
PuT Assignment
mean ride distance [km]
6.7
4.2
9.5
6.5
4.4
mean in-veh. speed [km/h] 25 20 27 21 13

21. City Networks (2) : Junction Density

22. City Networks (3) : Junction Density - Normalised

23. Overview Transport Modelling Sustainable Transport
Background
City Examples
Sustainable Transport
Methods
Examples
Implementation of Project Features
Modelling of City Structure Changes
Indicator Determination
Input for the Emission Model TREM

24. Sustainable Transport
Objective: reduce the usage of private cars
Urban Planning:
mixed land use
high density land use to reduce trip lengths
Economic incentives to use desired transport modes in variable pressure:
improvement of public transport (new or better systems)
P+R
HOV lanes
bus lanes
usage charges (parking, area, roads)
removal of road space

25. Modelling Park + Ride - Principle
Public Transport
Private Transport
Initial
Potential
Final

26. Modelling Park + Ride - Method
Define P&R interchange sites
for each city centre zone add a virtual private transport link at the P+R site with impedance = f(PuT price, PuT travel time, ...) and connect zone to the other end of the virtual link
Determine P&R demand
perform private transport assignment and determine proportion of demand using virtual P&R links
Split P&R demand off private transport demand
add a zone to each P&R site and connect to both private and public transport
subtract P&R demand from private demand
add back private transport leg (up to P&R zone)
add public transport leg (from P&R zone) to PuT demand
Assign changed public and private transport demands separately

27. High Occupancy Vehicles
Focus in SUTRA: car pools
Incentives for participating in a car pool:
Availability of dedicated HOV lanes
Reserved parking spaces at convenient locations
Exemption from road pricing
Typical usage similar to Park & Ride
car pool members start their trips separately,
meet at an agreed place,
share one vehicle for remaining leg

28. HOV - Method Approach similar to Park & Ride
Define HOV as a new transportation system
Add HOV incentives to network, e.g. additional lanes reserved to transportation system HOV and closed for car etc.
Define HOV meeting places (zone + virtual link)
Adjust demand
Determine HOV demand
Split off HOV demand from private transport demand
Add back individual legs to private transport demand
Form HOV demand from shared legs
Reassign changed demand to network

29. Road User Charging (1)
traditional approach: route choice depends on travel time
considering toll: route choice depends on travel time and costs
problem:
drivers have different sensitivity to costs („value of time“)

30. Road User Charging (2) : Value of Time
impedance CritR of a route R consists of a time component tR and a cost component cR.
time and cost are connected through a VT [€ / h], [$ / h], ...
CritR

31. Road User Charging (3) : Methods
CritR
“traditional” toll assignment
TRIBUT
constant VT for all users
randomly distributed VT
mono-criterial
bi-criterial

32. Overview Transport Modelling Sustainable Transport
Background
City Examples
Sustainable Transport
Methods
Examples
Implementation of Project Features
Modelling of City Structure Changes
Indicator Determination
Input for the Emission Model TREM

33. Modelling of City Structure Changes
Conventional Demand Modelling
based on structural data (residents, work places, educational facilities, shopping facilities)
based on behavioural data (homogenous groups, trip chains, OD groups)
SUTRA Demand Modelling
„common“ „hypothetical“ scenarios
dedicated demand modelling beyond the project scope
derivation of the scenario demand from the analysis case.

34. Demand Modelling Details
Trip generation
change of the sum of all trips in the demand matrices based on population and mobility rates
Mode share
individual treatment of the demand matrices
Trip distribution
sensitivity factor: small ... strong reduction of long distance trips
form factor: change of the ratio of trips between the zones.

35. Common Scenarios Definition

36. City Specific Input Data
original trip matrix
original distance matrix
parameter for the desired trip generation
Population
Mobility rates
parameter for the desired trip distribution
Sensitivity factor
Form factor

37. City Specific Input Data

38. Land Use Density (scenario examples)

39. Scenario Example - Modified Land Use Intensity

40. Overview Transport Modelling Sustainable Transport
Background
City Examples
Sustainable Transport
Methods
Examples
Implementation of Project Features
Modelling of City Structure Changes
Indicator Determination
Input for the Emission Model TREM

41. Indicator Summary (1)
Definition of indicators in Deliverable D08/A: Sustainability Indicators
Processing of transport model output to determine totals
... for Private Transport
vehicle-km
vehicle-hrs
additional vehicle-hrs due to congestion
vehicle-hrs in traffic jams
... for Public Transport
passenger-km
passenger-hrs
passenger-hrs in overcrowded vehicles
... disaggregated by transport systems

42. Indicator Summary (2) Selection of a primary demand segment
... is required for the calculation of cold flows
... has to be defined before reading the network description to select only the required data

43. Indicator Summary (3) Reading of link data
journey times for private transport
speeds for private transport
disaggregated by link and transport system
Aggregation to network level indicators
vehicle-km, vehicle-hr
additional vehicle-hr due to congestion
vehicle-hr in jam
passenger-km, passenger-hr
passenger-hr in overcrowded vehicles

44. Indicator Summary : City Comparison

45. Overview Transport Modelling Sustainable Transport
Background
City Examples
Sustainable Transport
Methods
Examples
Implementation of Project Features
Modelling of City Structure Changes
Indicator Determination
Input for the Emission Model TREM

46. Cold Flows (1)
„Cold Flows“ = Flows of vehicles operated under cold engine conditions
5 Pollutants
CO2 CO HC
NOx FC
3 vehicle categories
vehicles driven by petrol engine with catalyst
vehicles driven by petrol engine without catalyst
vehicles driven by Diesel engine

47. Cold Flows (2) Each trip starts with a cold engine
Three Vehicle Categories in the Primary Demand Segment only (due to computation time)
All other Private Transport demand segments: driven by Diesel engines
Default values for vehicle shares in the Primary Demand Segment can be modified

48. Cold Flows (3)
Shares of vehicles in a link producing CO2 from a petrol engine with catalyst under cold conditions

49. PTV Planung Transport Verkehr AG Thank you! Info@ptv.de www.ptv.de
D Karlsruhe
Thank you!