1. Chapter 26: PUNCTUATION
English 12A – Mrs. Krabill

2. End Marks . Statement (declarative) ? Question (interrogative)
Used to indicate the purpose of a sentence
. Statement (declarative)
? Question (interrogative)
Watch out for INDIRECT QUESTIONS:
When does Christmas Break start?
Julie wants to know when Christmas Break starts.

3. End Marks IMPORTANT FOR WRITING!!!
Put ? Inside closing quotation marks if the QUOTATION ITSELF is a question!
Mike asked, “Did you hit my car with an egg?”
Do you agree with the famous quote “Misery loves company”?

4. End Marks ! Exclamation (exclamatory) Oh, my gosh!
But wait! There’s more!
But wait, there’s more!
In writing, the same quotation rule applies!

5. End Marks . Request or command (imperative)
Please record Criminal Minds tonight.
Do your homework.

6. Abbreviations Most abbreviations are followed by a period.
PERSONAL NAMES
John F. Kennedy
W.E.B. DuBois

7. Abbreviations SOCIAL TITLES are abbreviated before full or last names.
Mr. Mrs. Dr.
MILITARY and CIVIL TITLES are abbreviated before full names, but spelled out before last names alone
Gen. George Washington vs. General Washington
Sen. Carl Levin vs. Senator Levin

8. Abbreviations IMPORTANT FOR WRITING!!!
Once you spell out the name of an agency or organization, you may abbreviate with an acronym
FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation
ADA – American Dental Association
HUD – Dept. of Housing and Urban Development

9. Geographical Terms
In regular text, spell out names of states and political units. Abbreviate in tables, charts, and works cited pages.
TEXT: The Bottlecap Museum in Grayling, Michigan, is on the top 100 tourist attractions in Michigan list.
CHART: Grayling, Mich. London, U.K.

10. Addresses In text, spell out every word.
On envelopes, tables, and notes – abbrev.
TEXT: We attend school at 1135 North Old 27, Grayling, Michigan,
ENVELOPE:
1135 N. Old 27
Grayling, MI 49738

11. Time Abbreviate A.D. and B.C. for dates
Attila the Hun began reign in A.D. 433.
In 55 B.C., Julius Caesar invaded Britain
A.D. goes BEFORE the date
Spell out months and days in text
Christmas break begins on Friday, December 20, after school.

12. Units of Measurement
Abbreviations for units of measurement do NOT have periods.
Mm, kg, ml, tsp, Tbsp, yd, ft, lb
EXCEPT! Use a period after inch (in.) to avoid confusion with the word in.
Spell out the names in regular text!

13. COMMAS: Items in a Series
Key Concept:
Use commas to separate items in a series
Examples:
The dentist says that candy, soda, and citrus contribute to cavities. (words)
I listen to *NSYNC in the car, at home, and while running. (phrases)
The police wanted to know where I was going, who I was with, and why I was going so fast. (clauses)

14. COMMAS: Items in a Series
Do NOT use a comma BEFORE or AFTER the series.
Example:
We are studying, geometry, history, and English, in school.
“Optional” comma: Before a conjunction joining the last two items of the series.
Grammatically, it is okay without it if it is not confusing, BUT…
ALWAYS USE ONE IN OUR CLASS!!!

15. COMMAS: Items in a Series
Do NOT use a comma if ALL the items in a series are joined by and, or, or nor.
Example:
Leonard and Sheldon and Raj and Howard sat at The Cheesecake Factory.
HOWEVER, short independent clauses may be separated by commas and NO conjunctions.
We came, we saw, we conquered.

16. COMMAS: Items in a Series
Long items including commas and separated by commas can be confusing– use SEMICOLONS to separate them instead.
Example:
You can update your status on Facebook, which only your friends can read; Twitter, which can include hashtags; or AOL IM, which I don’t think anyone uses anymore.

17. Two or More Adjectives Key Concept: Example:
Use commas to separate two or more adjectives preceding a noun.
Example:
Who owns that dirty, red truck?
Be careful not to separate an ADVERB from an ADJECTIVE.
Stop playing that super loud music.