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The Rise of Islam
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Middle East, ca. 600 A.D.
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Pre Islamic Arabia Caravan Culture Tribal organization
Pilgrimage to Mecca Violent, warrior states based on vendetta culture ghazu (raids) on caravans Patriarchal
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The Ka’aba in Mecca
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Origins of Islam Beginning of His Ministry Muhammad in Mecca The Hijra
Umma: community of believers 1
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The Quran Record of revelations received during visions
Committed to writing c. 650 CE (Muhammad dies 632) Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith
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Five Pillars Confession of faith Prayer 5 times a day
Charity to the needy Fasting during the month-long Ramadan Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one’s lifetime
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Early Problems Succession
Mohammed had no surviving male children generated a permanent split in the Islamic community Sunnis Shi’as
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Islam, Women, and Slaves Qu’ran improves status of women
Outlawed female infanticide Brides, not husbands, claim dowries Rights under Islamic law Yet male dominance preserved Patrilineal descent Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice Slavery
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Umayyad Policy toward Conquered Peoples
Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority
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The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE)
Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab Muslims Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750 Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them Only Spain remains Umayyad North Africa is disputed territory, ultimately Fatamid Mosque of Abu Abbas al-Mursi in Alexandria
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Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty
Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab) Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion Dar al-Islam Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces
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Abbasid Decline Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid
Provincial governors assert regional independence Dissenting sects, heretical movements Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power behind the throne Crusades
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Imperial Breakdown Problems with rural population
Declining position of women Nomadic Incursion Impact of Christian Crusades
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Reasons for Islam’s success
exhaustion of Rome and Persia End of a 400 year war nationalist sentiments in Egypt and Syria arguments among Christian factions speed and size of Muslim armies simplicity and uncomplicated nature of Islam acceptance of the Old and New Testament People of the Book
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Consequences of Islamic Expansion
loss of the oldest and most central lands of Christendom aided the ascendancy of the bishop of Rome virtual collapse of Zoroastrianism as a major religion radically altered the balance of power between the Roman Empire and the East disruption of the Mediterranean economic community
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Re-centering of Islam No religious center Madrasses Sufi brotherhoods
Asceticism, mysticism Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians Wide popularity
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Cultural influences on Islam
Persia Administration and governance literature India Mathematics, science, medicine “Hindi” numbers Greece Philosophy, esp. Aristotle Greek medicine Rome and Byzantium Architecture
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Islamic Art and Architecture
Found all over the world Influenced from other classical traditions Expression of divine presence Both secular and religious Major practices: Metalwork Pottery Painting Calligraphy rugs
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Dome of the Rock, Temple Mount Jerusalem
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The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus
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Greak Mosque, Cordova
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Illuminated page from Koran, Baghdad – 14th century
Calligraphy Vegetal patterns Geometric interlace
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Seljuk Dyanstic Period
Mosaic Mihrab from Persia, 1354 Glased and tiled ceramic
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Islamic Civilization Law and Dogma
Shari’a: Codification of Islamic law Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity This is the basis the idea of an “Islamic republic” for instance Converts and Cities Persian Literature Scientific Achievements A depiction of a Medieval Islamic astronomer. Thought by some to represent Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi.
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