1. What is an article analysis and how do you perform one?
Article Analysis Introduction
What is an article analysis and how do you perform one?
Talk through the diagrammatic representation of 15/4. Every four quarters are grouped into one whole, and there are three quarters left over.

2. Article Analysis Introduction
Key words: eyewitness testimony; memory distortion; Loftus; misleading information

3. Article Analysis Introduction
How to Summarise:
Read the whole thing first (or you can’t see the wood for the trees).
Then go back and highlight the main points.
Then list the key points (or draw a diagram) – Be brief.
Then write a single, concise summary paragraph from your points.
Make sure all key information is included.
Make sure any irrelevant information is ignored.
Acknowledge the source of the article at the end of the summary. 
Key words: eyewitness testimony; memory distortion; Loftus; misleading information

4. The examiners will want to know HOW you went about this task
By going through the process described on the previous slide you will have something concrete to describe.

5. Article Analysis Introduction – PRACTICE
Read the 2 practice articles I have given you
Can you summarise them?
Suggested Summary – Article 1 on handout
Article 1 describes a real case where after a rape the victim identifies her attacker because he was bald, shirtless and Hispanic. Infact he was the only bald, shirtless man in the line up set up by the police. The victim chose that person when looking across a dimly lit parking lot and sitting in a patrol car.This was an impromptu line-up and there was no proper lighting. The article and the man’s lawyers claim that the line-up procedures were flawed and the man wrongly convicted because of this. The article mentions reforms in some USA State laws because of such flaws being highlighted, though it says that Florida is not responding to the claims of miscarriages of justice because of flawed line-ups.
Key words: eyewitness testimony; memory distortion; Loftus; misleading information

6. Article Analysis Introduction
Suggested Summary – Article 2 on handout
Article 2 shows how courts are responding to research findings in areas such as eyewitness testimony. Guidelines are suggested to make sure police can provide evidence about the situation at the time of the identification and what was said to the witness. This might help to show that there was no influencefrom leading questions. Police now have to give written evidence about the procedures at the time of the identification. If they cannot, then the identification is not admissible in the court.
Key words: eyewitness testimony; memory distortion; Loftus; misleading information

7. What theories, research or concepts can we draw on?
Weapon focus
Leading questions
Post event information
Interview technique
Flashbulb memory
Reconstructive memory
Loftus and Palmer (1974)
Yuille and Cutshall (1986)
Pickel (1998)
Pezdek (2004) – Flashbulb and New York
Wise (2003) – judges not aware that EWT is unreliable
Roper and Shewan (2002) – suggestible to leading questions

8. Article Analysis Practical
Applying concepts and research findings to the summaries:
Both the articles mention how laws have followed research findings, for example, to make line-up procedures more secure.
This underlines the importance of this key issue as an application of research, and in one of the articles a real case study is given where a man is imprisoned on the basis of eyewitness testimony and released (after 23 years) on the basis of the unreliability of that testimony.
Key words: eyewitness testimony; memory distortion; Loftus; misleading information

9. Article Analysis Practical
Elizabeth Loftus, since the 1970s, has carried out a lot of research in the area of eyewitness testimony, including showing that leading questions can affect what someone says about an event. In a well-known study in 1974, Loftus and Palmer showed that simply changing a verb when asking questions can guide someone’s judgement about a situation. Students judged the speed of a car involved in an accident as being faster when the car was described as ‘smashing’ into another car than when the car was described as ‘hitting’ the other car.
Also, in another study, it was found that if asked about ‘a’ broken headlight a participant was less likely to mention seeing broken glass than if asked about ‘the’ broken headlight
What concept / theory could we link in here?
Key words: eyewitness testimony; memory distortion; Loftus; misleading information

10. Article Analysis Practical
This is what is being referred to when in the second article it is said that police must write down dialogue in case suggestions guide any identification.
Another factor that has been said to affect eyewitness identification is the emotions at the time. Valence, which is the importance of the event for the eyewitness in terms of emotion, seems to affect memory in a U curve as the Yerkes Dodson law shows (relationship between performance and arousal ~
The first article seems to say that the victim identified her attacker very close to the time of the rape. Emotion can heighten recall but too much can reduce accuracy. Here the emotions were likely to be sufficient, with stress, to reduce accuracy.
What theory or concept or even research could you mention here?
Key words: eyewitness testimony; memory distortion; Loftus; misleading information

11. Article Analysis Practical
What else could we link these articles to?
Post event info?
Reconstructive memory?
Interview technique?
Any other research?
Key words: eyewitness testimony; memory distortion; Loftus; misleading information

12. Article Analysis Practical
Reminder of how to Summarise:
Read the whole thing first (or you can’t see the wood for the trees).
Then go back and highlight the main points.
Then list the key points (or draw a diagram) – Be brief.
Then write a single, concise summary paragraph from your points.
Make sure all key information is included.
Make sure any irrelevant information is ignored.
Acknowledge the source of the article at the end of the summary. 
Key words: eyewitness testimony; memory distortion; Loftus; misleading information

13. Task
On the Blog are the 2 articles you need to summarise for the practical
You have lesson 3 this week to work on them
Please use your time wisely
The room is open for you – I will be here to answer questions
If you want to bring party food please do
If you want to come and watch criminal minds with me please do

14. Have a lovely Christmas… 
Homework is:
Revise for mocks
Complete practical
Ensure that you have all crime and health consolidated, reading completed and notes full!