1. Bowlby, Harlow, Ainsworth
Attachment Theory

2. Attachment Theory
There is a deep emotional tie, almost a physical connection with a loved one
This is vital throughout life
John Bowlby, Harry Harlow, Mary Ainsworth
Mother is typically the first & primary object of attachment for infants
Once developed—separation can be devastating
Powerful Contact Comfort Several Attachment
Survival Impulse Monkeys Styles Existed

3. Theories of Attachment
Psychoanalytical Theory
Freudian
Oral, Breast Feeding
Behavioral/Learning Theory
Infants become attached to people who feed and meet their needs
The primary caregiver becomes the source of reinforcement – the infant will do whatever necessary to get the caregiver’s attention (cry, smile, babble)

4. Harlow’s Monkey Study How important is feeding?
Harlow researched this question in 1959
Critical Question: Would the monkeys become attached to the wire “mother” who feeds them or the soft, cloth mother?

5. Monkey Study Experimental Design Results?
Harlow raised baby monkeys with 2 artificial wire frame figures make to resemble mother monkeys.
One mother figure was fitted with a bottle the infant could eat from, and the other was wrapped in a soft material.
Harlow found that infant monkeys when frightened preferred the soft mother figure even over the figure that they fed from.
When the infants were surprised or stressed, they fled to the soft mother for comfort and protection.
Harlow’s studies demonstrated the importance of physical comfort in the formation of attachment with parents.
As Harlow’s infant monkey’s developed, he noticed that the monkey’s raised by the wire frame mothers became more stressed and frightened than monkeys raised with real mothers when put into new situations.
The deprivation of an attachment with a real mother had long-term effects on these monkey’s behaviors.

6. How does this apply to human babies?
Babies who are deprived of physical touch and emotional attachment were much more likely to suffer physical, social, emotional, and intellectual difficulties
Orphanages, Hospitals, Fathers, Daycares

7. Mary Ainsworth
Mary Ainsworth researched the ideas of attachment by placing human infants into novel situations.
Strange Situation: Ainsworth observed the reactions of babies when their parents left for a short time and then returned

8. Mary Ainsworth: Strange Situation
Infants with secure attachments (about 60 percent of the participants)
confidently explore the novel environment while the parents are present
distressed when parent leaves
seek contact with parent upon returning.

9. Mary Ainsworth: Strange Situation
The other Infants expressed insecure attachments
Avoidant / Ambivalent attachment
Less likely to explore novel environment
Cries loudly when mother leaves or seems indifferent to departure or when she returns.
Harlow’s Monkeys were terrified when artificial mothers were removed from environment.

10. Attachment and Relationships
Early attachments form the foundation of our adult relationships
Secure Attachments
Trust, confidence, self reliance
Insecure Attachments
Jealousy, promiscuity, relationship insecurity

11. Critical Period for Attachment
Imprinting: A process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period early in life (Konrad Lorenz)
Optimal shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli produces proper development
Attachment: Mere-exposure/familiarity

12. Parental Patterns Daumrind’s three main parenting styles
Authoritarian parenting
Permissive parenting
Authoritative parenting

13. Parenting Style Quiz Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative
2,3,7,9,12,16,18, 25, 26, 29
Permissive
1,6,10,13,14,17,19, 21,24,28
Authoritative
4, 5, 8, 11, 15, 20, 22, 23, 27, 30
Add your scores up for each of the three categories
So to find the score for the permissive category you would add
1,6,10,13,14,17,19, 21,24,28
The category that you have the highest score for is probably the dominant parenting style used in your home.

14. Parenting Styles

15. Group Discussion
What makes your parents choose a particular parenting style?
What factors are involved?
Do parents use the same style with ALL of the children in the household? Explain.

16. Authoritarian Parenting
Style of parenting marked by imposing rules and expecting obedience
Low in warmth
Discipline is strict and sometimes physical.
Communication high from parent to child and low from child to parent
Maturity expectations are high.

17. Permissive Parenting
Style of parenting marked by submitting to children’s desired, making few demands, and using little punishment
High in warmth but rarely discipline
Communication is low from parent to child but high from child to parent.
Expectations of maturity are low.

18. Authoritative Parenting
Style of parenting marked by making demands on the child, being responsive, setting and enforcing rules, and discussing the reason behind the rules
High in warmth with moderate discipline
High in communication and negotiating
Maturity expectations are moderate.