1. Chapter 14 The Formation of Western Europe 800-1500
Section 1
Church reform and the Crusades

2. Read Ch. 14 Sec. 1 Homework Quiz Tomorrow
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Read Ch. 14 Sec. 1
Homework Quiz Tomorrow

3. The Age of Faith Between 500 and 1000 the Church faced many problems
Poor leaders
Invasion and attack
Beginning in the 1000s, a spiritual revival spread across Europe
Led by monasteries (most important was founded in 910 in Cluny, France)
Reformers wanted to return to the basic principles of the Christian religion
The Age of Faith

4. Problems of the Church
There were still problems in the Church despite the revival of spirituality.
Some priests were nearly illiterate.
Bishops cared more about their positions as lords than as spiritual leaders.
3 main problems
Many village priests married and had families
Positions in the Church were being sold by bishops, a practice called simony
Lay investiture put kings in control of Church bishops

5. Reform
Popes enforced Church law against simony and the marriage of priests.
The Church developed its hierarchy as well as canon law.
The Church collected tithes and used some of the money to perform social services such as caring for the sick and the poor.
New religious orders formed through friars traveling and preaching the Church’s ideas
Dominic founded the Dominicans
Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscans
Women joined these new orders as well.
Clare, a friend of Francis’, founded the Franciscan order for women.

6. The Crusades The Age of Faith inspired wars of conquest
Pope Urban II called for a “holy war”, or a Crusade, to gain control of the Holy Land
Many people followed the call to fight because Urban assured that those who died on Crusade were assured of a place in heaven.
Battle Cry: “God wills it!”
The ultimate goal of the Crusades was to regain the Holy Land, or Palestine, from the Muslims.
Many crusades were fought over a 200 year period

7. The Crusades
The crusades had economic, social, and political goals as well as religious motives.
The Byzantine Emperor asked for help.
The pope wanted to reclaim Palestine from the Muslims and reunite Christendom.
Kings saw the crusades as an opportunity to get rid of quarrelsome knights.
Younger sons in families went to fight in the Crusades because they would not inherit their father’s property.
Merchants profited from making cash loans to finance the crusaders.

8. The First Crusade Constantinople – 1097 Army of 12,000 Crusaders
Crusaders were ill-prepared
Unaware of geography, climate, and culture of the Holy Land
No significant leader
No strategy to capture Jerusalem
July 15, 1099 the crusaders captured Jerusalem

9. The Second Crusade
In 1144 the Muslims recaptured a part of Jerusalem called Edessa
The Second Crusade was organized to recapture the city.
1187 Jerusalem fell to Muslim leader Saladin

10. The Third Crusade
The Third Crusade to recapture Jerusalem was led by three of Europe’s most powerful monarchs
French king Philip II
German emperor Frederick I
English king Richard the Lion- Hearted
By the time the attack happened, only Richard was left to lead the Crusaders.
Saladin and Richard agreed to a truce in 1192
Jerusalem remained under Muslim control
Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit

11. The Crusading Spirit Dwindles
In 1204, the Fourth Crusade to capture Jerusalem failed.
The Crusaders did not reach the Holy Land and instead looted Constantinople
There were 4 more Crusades in the 1200s, none of which were successful.
The Children’s Crusade took place in 1212.
Thousands of children set out to conquer Jerusalem.
One group in France was led by 12 year old Stephen of Coyles
30,000 children followed him
Many died on their way to Jerusalem of cold and starvation
Others drowned or were sold into slavery

12. The Crusades Primary Documents Worksheet
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The Crusades Primary Documents Worksheet

13. The Spanish Crusade
Muslims, or Moors, controlled most of Spain until the 1100s
The Reconquista was a long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain
By the 1400s the Muslims had only a small kingdom in Spain
Christian monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella finally took total control of Spain in 1492

14. The inquisition
Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to increase their power and unify Spain under Christianity.
The Inquisition was an investigation held by the Church to suppress heresy
Heretics – people whose religious beliefs differed from the teachings of the Church
Inquisitors suspected Muslim and Jewish converts of heresy
People being questioned were also tortured
Suspects who confessed were burned at the stake
Spain expelled all practicing Muslims and Jews by 1492.

15. Effects of the Crusades
The Crusades are an example of the power of the Church during the medieval period.
The overall failure of the Crusades lessened the power of the pope, weakened the feudal nobility, and increased the power of kings.
The fall of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire.
The crusades stimulated trade between Europe and Southwest Asia
New goods: spices, fruits, and cloth
A legacy of bitterness, hatred, and prejudice was left between Christians and Muslims

16. Chapter 14 The Formation of Western Europe 800-1500
Section 2
Changes in Medieval Society

17. Read Ch. 14 Sec. 2 Homework Quiz Tomorrow
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Read Ch. 14 Sec. 2
Homework Quiz Tomorrow

18. European Social Progress
Medieval society progressed in agriculture, trade and Finance
Towns and cities grew
Education grew
Population grew

19. Growing Food supply
New farming strategies increased the food supply which was needed by the growing population
– warmer climate
Switch from oxen to horses to pull plows
Switch to three-field farming system
2/3 of land was used at one time and 1/3 was left fallow
As food supply increased, population increased and people were better able to resist disease and live longer

20. Trade and Finance Expand
Because population was growing, trade and finance also grew
Guilds developed which were organizations of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members.
The first guilds were merchant guilds.
Controlled all wages and prices
Enforced standards of quality
The wealth the guilds acquired helped them establish influence over the government and the economy of towns and cities.

21. Commercial revolution
Increased availability of trade goods and new ways of doing business changed life in Europe
This expansion of trade and business is called the Commercial Revolution.
Most trade took place in towns.
People left the manor to attend fairs where they traded their homemade items with people from all over Europe.
Goods from foreign lands became available.
Italy, Asia, Constantinople, the Mediterranean region

22. Commercial revolution
As merchants traveled from fair to fair they needed large amounts of cash or credit and ways to exchange many types of currencies.
Banking, started by the Church, becomes an important business
The Commercial Revolution had a major effect on the lives of Europeans.
Changed what people did to earn a living
Changed where people lived
Towns grew into cities

23. Urban Life Flourishes As trade grew, towns grew
Many people abandoned the manor to live in a town
Towns developed near ports, crossroads, and rivers
More economic and social opportunities
Burgher – town dweller
living conditions in towns were rough
Narrow, animal-filled streets
No sewers or garbage removal
No bathing or clean water
Wooden housed caused fires

24. Revival of Learning
Growing trade and growing cities brought a new interest in learning
The university developed in Western Europe
“university” originally referred to a group of scholars who met and learned and taught
Paris, Italy, and England by the 1100s
Students of universities were sons of burghers and artisans
Goal was a job in government or the Church

25. Revival of Learning New ideas came out of the universities.
Scholars were writing in Latin, but some poets started using the vernacular, or the everyday language of an area
Ex. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote “The Canterbury Tales”
Using the vernacular made literature accessible to many people
Renewed interest in the works of Greek philosophers
Thomas Aquinas wrote Summa Theologica inspired by Aristotle.
Aquinas and his fellow scholars who met at universities were known as schoolmen, or scholastics.