1. Warm-Up:
A. Around 600 AD, a new ______________________________ religion began called ___________________: 1. The faith was founded by the prophet __________________ 2. His followers, called __________________________, spread Islam throughout the Middle East, Africa, Asia, & Europe B. By 750 AD, Muslim leaders built an empire 1. The Islamic _____________________ connected diverse people through religion & _____________________ 2. Muslim _______________ focused on learning & developed numerous cultural achievements that are still used today

2. The Rise of Islam and the expansion of the Muslim World
Essential Question:
Who was Muhammad & how did Islam unite the Arab people?
What was the impact of the Islamic Empire under the Abbasids & Umayyads?
The Rise of Islam and the expansion of the Muslim World

3. Overview of Islam
Today, Islam is the world’s fastest growing religion with more than 1 billion followers throughout the world

5. What was Arabia like before Muhammad?

6. Arabia, the Birthplace of Islam
The Arabian Peninsula is a desert region with little fertile soil or farming
Most Arabs were Bedouins, nomadic desert tribes which were centered around families & clans
Arabia was not united under a single gov’t, but Arabs did have a common language (Arabic)
Most Arabs were polytheistic

7. Arabia, the Birthplace of Islam
Arabia was the intersection of 3 continents (Africa, Asia, & Europe) so it was an important region for trade & had lots of cultural diffusion
One of the wealthiest trade cities in Arabia was Mecca
Mecca was also a religious city; The Ka’aba was a cube that held statues of hundreds of gods
Arabs made pilgrimages to Mecca to visit the Ka’aba

8. Who was Muhammad?

9. The Early Life of Muhammad
Muhammad’s early life:
He was born in Mecca in 570, he was orphaned at a young age
Muhammad became a successful merchant with a religious nature
He married a wealthy widow & started a family

10. What happened to Muhammad in 610?

11. Mohammad & Islam Muhammad created Islam:
Muhammad come into contact with Jewish & Christian merchants
In 610, Muhammad was told by the angel Gabriel that he was a prophet sent to Earth to convert the polytheistic Arab tribes
He began preaching a new monotheistic faith called Islam (“surrender to God”)
After much soul-searching, Muhammad came to believe that the Lord who spoke to him through Gabriel was Allah. Muhammad became convinced that he was the last of the prophets. He began to teach that Allah was the one and only God and that all other gods must be abandoned. People who agreed to this basic principle of Islam were called Muslims. In Arabic, Islam (ihs•LAHM) means “submission to the will of Allah.” Muslim (MOOZ•lim) means “one who has submitted.” Muhammad’s wife, Khadijah, and several close friends and relatives were his first followers.

12. Arabic was the language of Islam
Overview of Islam
Basic beliefs of Islam:
Followers of Islam are called Muslims who believe in one God, called Allah
Allah is the same God worshiped by Jews & Christians
Muslims believe Muhammad was the last of God’s prophets
The teachings of Mohammed were written down in the Qur'an (Koran), the holy book of Islam
Arabic was the language of Islam

13. Overview of Islam Other beliefs of Islam: Jesus was prophet
Like Judaism and Christianity, Muslims believe in heaven & hell
Can’t eat pork or drink intoxicating beverages
Friday afternoons are set aside for communal worship

14. Overview of Islam Muslims believe in the Five Pillars of Islam:
Faith: belief in one god, Allah & the prophet Muhammad
Prayer: 5 times per day towards Mecca
Alms: 2.5% to charity
Fasting: During the month of Ramadan
Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca

15. How did some people respond to Muhammad’s new religion?

16. The Hegira Reactions to Islam:
By 613, Muhammad began preaching his new ideas in Mecca
Some people were attracted to Islam
But, many people feared Muhammad’s growing popularity & that Mecca would lose its status as a holy city

17. How did Muhammad react to violence by non-Muslims in Mecca?

18. The Hegira
After years of attacks, Muhammad & his followers fled to Medina
This migration was known as the Hegira
In Medina, Muhammad gained new converts
He taught respect for Christians & Jews (“People of the Book”)

19. What did Muhammad do after he gained converts & returned to Mecca?

20. Islam returns to Mecca
In 630, Muhammad collected an army to retake Mecca in a jihad (holy war)
He destroyed all the god statues in the Ka’aba, except for the statue of Allah
By this time, most of the Arab tribes had united & converted to Islam
In 632, Muhammad died

21. What happened to Islam after Muhammad’s death?

22. Muhammad & the Rightly Guided Caliphs
Islam After Muhammad
When Muhammad died in 632, the Muslim community elected a new leader called a caliph (“successor”)
The first 4 caliphs all knew Muhammad & promised to stay true to the Qur'an & Muhammad’s message
Muhammad & the Rightly Guided Caliphs

23. The Rightly Guided Caliphs
The first caliph was Muhammad’s friend & father-in-law, Abu Bakr:
His goal was to keep Muslims united under his gov’t (“caliphate”)
His used jihad to control & expand the Muslim empire

24. The Rightly Guided Caliphs
The empire expanded under the next caliphs (Umar, Uthman, & Ali)

25. The caliphs used the Shari'ah (laws of Islam) to govern the empire
During the Rightly Guided Caliphates, the Islamic Empire expanded “Dar-al-Islam” (the areas where Islam is practiced)
The caliphs used the Shari'ah (laws of Islam) to govern the empire
Conquered people were attracted to the equality & hope of Islam
The caliphate never forced non-Muslims to convert, especially “People of the Book” & allowed religious tolerance as long as taxes were paid to the empire

26. The Umayyad Empire
After Ali’s death in 661 led to a civil war for control of the empire:
The clan that came to power started the Umayyad Empire
But the rise of the Umayyads led to a division in Islam

27. Before the Umayyads, caliphs were elected members of Muhammad’s family
The Sunni-Shi’a Split
Before the Umayyads, caliphs were elected members of Muhammad’s family
Shi’a Muslims rejected the Umayyads
The Shi’a believe that caliph must come directly from Muhammad’s bloodline
Sunni Muslims accepted the rule of the Umayyads
The Sunni believe caliphs should follow Muhammad’s example, but don’t have to be relatives

29. The Umayyad Empire
The Umayyads expanded the empire which brought wealth & new Islamic converts
They were stopped 200 miles from Paris at the Battle of Tours
Muslims from Northern Africa called Berbers tried to invade Europe.

30. In 750, the Umayyad Empire was overthrown by the Abbasids
Under the Abbasids, the Islamic Empire grew to its greatest extent
Islamic Empire: Middle East, Northern Africa, and Southern Spain

31. The Abbasid Empire The Abbasid Empire (750 to 1258):
The Abbasid caliphate built a strong gov’t bureaucracy to rule their empire
The bureaucracy was paid for by taxing land, imports/ exports, and non-Muslim’s wealth
The trade routes
used by the Muslims:
1. Mediterranean
Sea Lanes
2. Indian Ocean

32. The Abbasid Empire
Wealth from trade led to a golden age, a time of great Muslim achievements in science, math, medicine, & architecture
To make trade and taxes easier, everywhere Islam spread to, Arabic spread with it