1. “Mobile Communications, a key factor for growth and productivity improvement across the economy”
OCTOBER 2017

2. Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks
Mobile Telecommunications Evolution (1G  4G)
Technological evolutions are extremely rapid
For more than 3 decades since introduction of mobile telecommunications into our lives, technological evolutions are extremely rapid.
These evolutions are represented in the 4 generations systems (1G  4G)
Typical duration for the development of a technology in the wireless telecommunications industry (from launch of standardisation up to the pilot commercial operation) is a decade.
Each new system is introduced while the previous ones come to maturity.
Evolution in devices is also parallel; these are called to catch up with the continuous and rapid developments in networks. Cutting edge smart phones are compatible with 2G,3G,4G technologies and offer a series of services.
Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks 2

3. Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks
Mobile Telecommunications Evolution (1G  4G+)
Gene-ration
Services
Technologies/Innovation/Capabilities
Networks 1G
Voice
Analog Transmission, FDMA Multiple Access
AMPS, TACS 2G
Digital Communications, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA Multiple Access
GSM, CDMA
2,5G
Data
Packet Switching, Speeds of up to 384 kbps.
GPRS, EDGE 3G
Voice, Multimedia
CDMA Multiple Access, Increase in capacity and Improvement in voice/video transmission quality
WCDMA-UMTS, CDMA2000
3,5G
Packet Switching, speeds1-10 Mbps
HSPA, WiMAX
4G, 4G+
Comprehensive IP architecture, Multiple OFDMA access. MIMO Technologies. Speeds of tenths and up to hundreds Mbps. Voice services over data network (VoIP)
LTE,
LTE-A
Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks 3

4. Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks
4G-LTE Radio Networks/ Standardisation & Commercial Development
The 1st 4G standardisation (3GPP Rel.8) was finalised in 2008.
Ever since, 6 upgrades in the standard (Rel. 9 to 14) have been realised, the key ones being :
LTE-A (Rel.10), finalised in 2010.
LTE-A Pro (Rel.13), finalised in March 2016.
The first 4G commercial network operated in Stockholm in 2009.
Currently, are in operation approximately
644 LTE commercial networks in more than 200 countries worldwide.
100 LTE-A commercial networks in more than 50 countries worldwide.
Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks 4

5. Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks
4G-LTE Radio Networks/ Key technologies
OFDM/OFDMA techniques in down-link, SC-FDMA in up-link.
Adaptive differential /codification and scheduling of telecommunication traffic.
Inter-Cell Interference Coordination - ICIC.
Use of ΜΙΜΟ techniques (multiplexing, diversity, beamforming).
Multicasting & Broadcasting Support.
Carrier aggregation.
OFDMA
MIMO
Interference
Receiver
Transmitter
User 1
power
time
frequency
Duration of OFDMA symbols
Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks 5

6. Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks
4G-LTE Radio Networks/ Key technologies
Technique
Analysis
Duplex method
FDD, TDD, half-duplex FDD
Channel codification
Turbo Code
Maximum mobile speed
350 km/h
Channel Range (MHz)
1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20
Formulation
UL: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM(optional)
DL: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Multiple access method
UL: SC-FDMA 20MHz)
DL: OFDMΑ 20MHz)
Multiple antennas techniques
UL: Up to 1 level of data per UE and MU-MIMO
DL: Up to 4 levels of data per UE and MU-MIMO
Maximum transmission rate
UL: 75Mbps 20MHz)
DL: 150Mbps (UE Category 4, 2x2 20MHz)
DL: 300Mbps (UE category 5, 4x4 20MHz)
Cell radius
km (System performance reduces after 30km)
End- user latency
< 10ms
Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks 6

7. Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks
2G/3G/4G Data Networks Speeds
Generation
Technology
Max. Download
Rate
Typical Download Rate 2G G
GPRS
0.1 Mbps
<0.1 Mbps E
EDGE
0.3 Mbps 3G
3G (Basic) H
HSPA
7.2 Mbps
1.5 Mbps H+
HSPA+
21 Mbps
4 Mbps
DC-HSPA+
42 Mbps
8 Mbps 4G
LTE
100 Mbps
15 Mbps
4G+
LTE-A
300 Mbps
45 Mbps
× 1000
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8. 2 bn 2.5 bn 1.5 bn people 1.3 bn people 13.5 Mbps 16.6 Mbps
Mobile Communications Worldwide
Better networks:
4G networks cover half of the earth’s population (4 bn people).
$ 900 bn investments.
Number of social network users
2 bn bn
29% Increase
1.5 bn people
have carried out purchases via mobile phone
1.3 bn people
have used governmental services via mobile phone
Average mobile broadband speed
13.5 Mbps Mbps
Greater connectivity:
4,8 bn people own a mobile telephone.
$1 trillion of annual contribution to global GDP (4.2%), 36 million jobs, $500 bn of public revenues.
Richer services:
Internet (3.5 bn users – 1 million new users each day), social networks, e-gov, health services, etc.
Source: 2017 Mobile Industry Impact Report, GSMA

9. Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks
Next Generation (5G)
The EU vision is that in ten years’ time Telecoms and IT shall be unified in a common infrastructure with extremely high capacity.
Ensuring flexibility and expandability requires “virtualised” network operations, carried out by generic purpose, programmed and high performance hardware, providing the resources for transmission, routing, storing and processing data.
5G networks shall integrate telecommunications, IT and storing resources in one programmable unified infrastructure, allowing the optimum use of allocated resources.
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10. Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks
Next Generation (5G)
Software and Service centric transformation
Telecoms  Multiple stakeholders
Bit pipe  Enabling platform
Phones  Things
Procedures  Services
Protocols  APIs
Dedicated Hardware  Orchestrated Resources
Network Function  Virtualized Software Instances
Network  Slice
Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks 10

11. Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks
Next Generation (5G)
Next generation (5G) has already taken its first steps
It is foreseen that 100 times higher than the current cutting- edge systems shall be provided.
Already, since March 2017, 3GPP published the first studies for Release 14, which constitutes the first version systematically referring to 5G.
The evolution of 5G standardisation is depicted below
The1st wide-range pilot operation is scheduled for 2020 (Tokyo Olympic Games).
June
September
March
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12. Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks
Evolution towards 5th generation (5G) ( ): Scenarios & Requirements
Source: HUAWEI Technologies
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13. Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks
Evolution towards 5th generation (5G) ( ): Scenarios & Requirements
Possible Operation Scenarios
Requirements
Mean time of transmission Mbps & max >10Gbps.
Response time (latency) < 1ms.
100% coverage.
1000 times reduction of energy consumption.
High Reliability (99,999%).
30× device density.
10-100× more connected devices.
Higher security levels in communication.
Source: NGMN Alliance,5G White Paper
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14. Opinion on Architecture for Mobile Telephony Wireless Access Networks
Evolution towards 5th generation (5G) ( ): The “10.000×” Challenge
Demand for mobile data traffic is almost doubling each year
In ten-years’ time, 10,000 times higher telecommunications volumes (bits/sec/Hz/km2) shall be required
Improved efficiency with the use of massive MIMO, CoMP, compression of interferences
More spectrum in zones <6GHz and in mmWaves
Increased refarming with greater BSs and HetNets density (macro, micro, pico, femto)
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15. Evolution towards 5th generation (5G) (2020-2030): Technological Perspectives
Massive MIMO Technology
(Source: “Full-Dimension MIMO: Status and Challenges in Design and Implementation”)
Existing for 4G initial use and later on for 5G
700 ΜHz for 5G
New spectrum 5G (mmWaves)
New spectrum 3.5 GHz for 5G
Spectrum in 5G networks
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16. 84% €143 bn €100 bn MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS IN EUROPE
Europe is the most highly penetrated mobile region in the world, as 4G shifts continues.
2,6 million jobs
€143 bn
84%
€540 bn
€100 bn
Important contribution to employment
124% Penetration (457 million subscribers with 752 million connections)
84% of the population owns a mobile telephone
(CAGR 0.4%)
Mobile data CAGR 42%
143 bn euros turnover
Important contribution to GDP
(3.4% in 2016 ➤ 3.9% in 2020)
Important contribution to public revenues
Source: The Mobile Economy: Europe 2017, GSMA

17. MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS IN EUROPE
5G connections in Europe will reach a third of total connections by 2025
Growing contribution to european economy
3,4%
3,5%
3,6%
3,8%
3,9%

18. Industrial digitization and automation drive GDP growth to 5%
5G IN EUROPE
Industrial digitization and automation drive GDP growth to 5%
3,4%
3,6%
3,8%
73%
31%
30%
60%
40%
70%
50%
20%
10%
no. of connections (in millions)
rate %

19. GREECE - INDUSTRY’S FINANCIAL DATA
Mobile telephony operators’ revenues constantly keep diminishing
(a 43% drop between 2010 – 2016, the largest in Europe), however…

20. GREECE - INDUSTRY’S FINANCIAL DATA
Revenues from services amounted to 1.83 bn, reduced by 1.3% in 2016, indicating stabilization or even recovery trends for 2017.
Cumulative loss of revenues from services since the start of the economic crisis (2008) amounts to 57%.
…for 2017, international analysts* foresee an increase of revenues from services for Greece by 1.4%, with a further improvement at 1.9% for 2018
*Merrill Lynch

21. VOLUME AND REVENUES PER SERVICE
In 2016, data increased spectacularly (58.3%), while messages (SMS & MMS) were reduced by 30.8%, since subscribers tend to use IP applications to communicate. Talk time (minutes), after three years of increase, were reduced by 5.5%, returning to the usage level of 2012.

22. DATA USAGE IS VERY LOW IN GREECE
Despite a high increase in usage for 2016, compared to other OECD countries, data usage is very low in Greece (0.4 Gb per capita per month compared to 2.88 Gb in OECD and 3.1 Gb in european countries).
It is worth mentioning the very high data usage in scandinavian and baltic countries, since a growing number of european providers are adopting the unlimited data usage model, which was initially implemented in Finland.

23. A FINANCIALLY HEALTHY INDUSTRY
Cutting down on operating costs
Providers have limited their operating costs by 54% from 2009 to 2016.
Cutting down on borrowing costs
The industry has minimized its borrowing costs from the banking system.
Source: Providers’ data processed
Providers have adapted to the conditions of greek economy’s recession and financial system’s lack of liquidity, limiting both their expenses and borrowing

24. THE INDUSTRY REMAINS ONE OF THE LARGEST AND MORE STABLE INVESTORS
The industry’s total investments exceeded 351 million euros in 2016, since 4G networks geographic and population extension is ongoing.
Despite the difficulties faced by the industry, its annual investments over the last three years have increased by approximately 100 million euros.
investments
Source: Providers’ data processed
Since the onset of the economic crisis (2008), the industry has invested 3.17 bn euros

25. €2.5bn 2020 2017 FUTURE INVESTMENTS
Telecommunications companies have announced 2.5 bn € investments in fixed and mobile networks for the period.
Roll out of new generation networks is expected to create the necessary broadband dynamics that shall support new 5G services
The results of investments in new generation networks will be the following:
Ultra-fast mobile internet speeds
Possibility of supporting innovative video streaming services
Extension of geographic coverage
2020
€2.5bn
2017

26. GREECE COMPARED TO THE ΕU
Greece is far behind the european average (holding the 26th place)

27. GREECE COMPARED TO THE ΕU
The country fails to converge with the european average, lagging steadily behind them with a 4-5 year gap as far as digital modernization is concerned

28. The industry is burdened with additional charges ~225 million euros
THE PUBLIC REVENUES ARE DECLINING
Due to over taxation
The special mobile telephony fee places a burden of 12%-20% on all bills, which, along with VAT, increases indirect taxation to 39%-49%. Public State revenues from this special fee amounted in million euros for 2016.
In 2016, the industry contributed 37.7 million euros to HTPC, which exceed by far the HTPC’s operating costs (10.5 million euros), thus further contributing to public revenues. The HTPC has paid 582 million euros* to the greek public State in the period, without including revenues from spectrum frequencies’ auctions.
* “Kathimerini“ newspaper, 26/9/2017 issue, p.21
The industry is burdened with additional charges ~225 million euros

29. GROWTH SCENARIOS – CONCLUSIONS
Mobile data
Baseline scenario: data penetration increases by 42% annually, reaching 2.3 GB per inhabitant in 2021, without converging with european average
Convergence scenario: Greece converges with the average of Italy, Spain and Portugal in 2021 (at 6.8 GB per inhabitant per month)
Mobile broadband
Baseline scenario: penetration reaches 84% in 2021, which is the current european average
Convergence scenario: penetration reaches 100%
Financial Solution
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30. GROWTH SCENARIOS – CONCLUSIONS
If the required reforms are implemented, so that Greece may digitally converge with the rest of Europe (Convergence scenario), the mobile industry’s additional contribution to GDP may reach 2.05% or 3.06 bn euros, while its additional contribution to public revenues shall amount to 1.62 bn euros.
Financial Solution
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31. “Mobile first” in formulating a Digital Strategy
GROWTH SCENARIOS – CONCLUSIONS & PREREQUISITES
A prerequisite for the country’s successful convergence and utilization of benefits in the economy is that the State undertake immediate initiatives, to upgrade Greece’s position on the european digital map.
To this end, the following are required:
Financial Solution
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Simplification and implementation of the regulatory framework in order to speed up the licensing process of existing and new base stations. The aim is to solve pending issues in view of network upgrades, so that planned investments may be faster implemented 01 02
Allocation of spectrum areas, ready for use. The aim is to make use of EU best practices, to review frequency fees and the licensing cost of base stations, so as to safeguard and facilitate the providers’ long-term investment plan.
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Removal of the special fee distortion. In Greece, consumers bear the cost of up to 48.8% of their final bill when the maximum charge in the EU is 25%
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A campaign to inform competent authorities and citizens about the importance of infrastructure, services and digital technology in the development of the economy and society, in the context of the implementation of the national digital strategy 04
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Strengthening demand by introducing incentives for the adoption of innovative mobile services by businesses, citizens, local authorities and public administration.
“Mobile first” in formulating a Digital Strategy