1. Transformations in Europe
Social, Political, Economic

2. The Ptolemaic Universe
Geocentric
Celestial bodies = perfect sphere
Orbits = perfect circles
Earth = earth and water
Atmosphere = air and fire
Universe = pure bodies
floating in space

3. Scientific Revelations
Nicholas Copernicus
Polish monk and mathematician
Heliocentric model
Tycho Brahe (Danish) and Johannes Kepler (German)
Elliptical orbits of planets and celestial bodies
Galile Galilei
1609: telescope
1610: The Starry Messenger
Surface of the moon
Celestial bodies not perfectly smooth circles

4. Critics Bible Catholic Church
Joshua: “The sun stood still…for about a whole day”
Heliocentric models are heresy
Martin Luther
Catholic Church
Copernicus dedicates book to Pope
Gregory XIII issues new calendar based on astronomy

5. Other Scientific Thinkers
Robert Boyle (English)
Experiments
Boyle’s Law (Chemistry)
Sir Isaac Newton (English)
Laws of Gravity
Calculus

6. 16th Century Cartography
Elaborately decorated
Most complete and detailed of history
Mercator Projection
Gerhard Kremer (The Merchant)
Detailed outline of continents
Parallel longitude lines
Distortion of size

8. Little Ice Age Causes Effects 1600: Mount Huanyaputina eruption
Volcanic ash spread into atmosphere
Blocked (some) sunlight
1601: Coldest summer in 200 years (N. Hemisphere)
Cold weather continued throughout the 1600s
Fewer sunspots
Canals froze solid
Growing seasons shortened
Malnutrition and starvation
Famine

9. 16th Century Society The poor Bourgeoisie Women Deplorable conditions
Rebellions (food shortages and taxes)
Bourgeoisie
“town dwellers” (“burg”)
Urban class
Manufacturing
Finance
Trade
Women
Wealthy women better than poor men
SOME inherited thrones
Arranged marriages (wealthy)
Marriage within the class structure
Marriage “delayed”
Education

10. Politics and Economics

11. Holy Roman Empire Federation of German city-states and principalities
1519: Charles V becomes emperor
Habsburg Dynasty (Austria)
Castile and Aragon (Spain)
1529: Stopped Ottomans in Vienna
Opposed by German princes (Luther)
France
Francois I
Supported Ottomans
1546: Charles abdicates
Religious wars
1555: Peace of Augsburg (religious tolerance)

12. England Charles I Civil War Oliver Cromwell James II
11 years w/o calling Parliament
Taxes and loans
Civil War
1640: Scottish rebellion
Forced to call Parliament to fund war
Parliament demands guarantee of traditional rights
1642: Charles refuses
1648: Charles loses and is executed
Oliver Cromwell
Puritan
Refuses to share power
Expands overseas power
James II
Roman Catholic heir
Glorious Revolution
Bill of Rights of 1689
New constitution
Limitations of King and Parliament
Official status of Anglican Church
Religious tolerance

13. France Estates General Absolute monarchs 1st: Clergy 2nd: Nobles
3rd: Peasants
Absolute monarchs
Louis XIV
Versailles

14. Early Enlightenment “Open and critical examination of human society”
Use the scientific method in law, religion, society to solve problems
Economics, politics, social hierarchies changed
Wars of Religion
Intolerance of Catholic and Protestants
Voltaire: “No opinion is worth burning your neighbor for”
Religious opposition
Political “support”
John Locke (English)
Second Treatise of Government
Disputes divine right of kings
Citizens have the right to rebel against corrupt kings

15. Maintaining Power Thirty Years War European standing armies
HRE Ferdinand II
Protestant rebellion
European power struggle
European standing armies
England’s navy
1588: defeat of Spanish Armada
Elizabeth I
Balance of Power
Alliances to keep one country/empire from becoming too powerful

16. The Netherlands Textiles Sugar from West Indies
Luxury textiles
Cheaper mass produced textiles
Sugar from West Indies
Baltic grain became beer
Virginian tobacco
“Chinese” ceramics
Books
Printing in several languages
Technical and agricultural subjects

17. Flying Dutchmen Fluit (flyboat) East Indiamen 17th Century Cargo ship
Large capacity, small crew
Inexpensive to build
East Indiamen
Armed merchant ships
Established Dutch dominance in Indian Ocean
17th Century
½ all commercial shipping in the world was under Dutch control

18. Dutch Economics Joint Stock companies Amsterdam Canals
Dutch East India Company
Dutch West India Company
Trade monopolies
Companies (including French and British) sold shares of companies to raise money for overseas voyages
Risk was spread among many people instead of one individual
Amsterdam
Europe’s bank
Amsterdam Exchange
Greatest stock market of 17th -18th century
Canals
French: link Atlantic and Mediterranean (Canal du Midi)