1. Biological compounds The chemistry of living organisms
Biochemistry
Biological compounds
The chemistry of living organisms

2. Chapter 20 Read and Outline …Major headings
Pay careful attention to summary notes and terms in bold print.
KEY TERMS (you will be tested on these!)

3. Classification Proteins Carbohydrate Lipids Nucleic Acid
A long chain hydrocarbon containing amino acids
Simple sugars and their polymers
Fats, waxes and oils also steroids
Polymers composed of sugars, a base and phosphoric acid
Lipids
Nucleic Acid

4. General Properties Important
Are they water soluble or fat soluble?
Why is this important?
Proteins, Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids are soluble to some degree
Fats are insoluble in aqueous solution
Vitamins A,D,E, and K are fat soluble…
While C, B complexes are not

5. Hydrocarbon Chemistry
Functional groups help us understand solubility….
Amides (-CONH2) lower chains are soluble
larger chains and aryl-amides not so much!
Acids, Aldehydes, Ketones the same… check tables in Chapter 19.
Check for patterns.

6. Special Features What link joins amino acids in proteins?
Peptide bonds (amide bond)
What does the term “polypeptide refer to?”
What are enzymes?
What does the lock and key model refer to?

7. Carbohydrates Usually contains an aldehyde or ketone group
Bond between sugars is called a glycoside linkage
sugar – O - sugar

8. Lipids
Water insoluble Contains an alcohol and one or more carboxylic acid molecules Fats and oils 3 Carboxylic acids are linked by an ester and joined to a glycerol

9. Nucleic acid Biochemical polymer
Contains a sugar attached to nitrogen base and phosphate group
Units linked by phosphate linkage
Base- sugar- phosphate- sugar - base

10. Nucleic Acids
Base
Sugar
Phosphoric acid

11. Nucleic acids Contain genetic information DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA- ribonucleic acid
Different functions – only difference is a hydroxyl group (-OH)

12. Structure
Proteins are made up of amino acid structures that are linked together by a PEPTIDE BOND.
Proteins have a primary, secondary and tertiary structure

13. Enzymes Enzyme- a protein that catalyzes a biochemical reaction
Lock and key – an enzyme molecule has a specific shape that fits perfectly into the shape of the reacting molecule known as the substrate

14. Nomenclature of proteins
Important features
R- group refers to the hydrocarbon side chain attached to the a–carbon.
R- groups may be neutral, acidic or basic.

15. Lipids Oils…..unsaturated (plant source) Fats….saturated (animal)
Waxes are lipids…think about candles and the “old days”
Steroids are lipids
-ol endings or –one ending
Read about vitamins (p. 585)

16. DNA and RNA
What are the differences?
What is the same?

17. Other Patterns Nomenclature Endings are important
Check the endings of functional groups…
Ex: R-OH alcohol, ending –ol
Ex: R-CHO aldehyde, ending –al
Lets try # 93, 94,95 (p. 566)
How about the biomolecules….
Make a list for yourself to study…

18. Hydrocarbon Chains Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Cn H 2n-2 C n H 2n+ 2

19. Check out the Patterns Name longest consecutive chain Prefixes Meth
Prop
But
Pent
Hex
Hept
Oct
Non
Dec

20. Alkanes Saturated compounds Carbon in chain contains all single bonds
Must be four bonds around each Carbon
Saturated compounds

21. Alkenes Unsaturated (contains double bond…at least one)
Carbon with lowest number between double bonds names the bond.

22. Alkynes Carbon chain contains a triple bond Acetylene lowest chain
Highly unsaturated
Triple bonds > double >single in bond strength
Makes chemical properties different

23. Isomers
Carbon chain with same molecular formula but different structural formula

24. Look for patterns in the names
How are carbohydrates named?
What about steroids that are hormones?
What family of biochemistry do steroids belong to?
What is the general form of a fatty acid?
Try # 1 and 2 on p. 591!