Topic 5 - The Middle Ages Learning Outcomes

Topic 5 - The Middle Ages Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Summary The Middle Ages - Disease and Infection
Church dominance—Galen and Hippocrates Decline Church set up universities and hospitals in monasteries Black Death (look at public health section) Factors Luck Religion War Individual Genius Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Middle Ages Disease and Infection
The Fall of Rome The Roman Empire ended around AD 476 after barbarians like the Vikings and the Saxons invaded Europe. The tribes spent money on war and had no interest in medicine Places that were once under the control of the empire, like Britain, no longer had the centralised government of Rome to provide public health facilities for their people Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Instead, Europe was divided into small, poor states. The medical progress made by the Greeks and Romans was lost in the transition. Only very educated people could read and technology was far less advanced than it had been in Roman times. The Middle Ages, or Medieval period, from around Ad , was looked back on in the Renaissance as a period of regression. The question is whether any medical progress was made or not. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Islamic Expansion Unlike the Roman Empire of the West, the Islamic Empire which started in the Middle East did not collapse. Christians were being persecuted in the Byzantine Empire and many fled to Arabia. They took many works from Greece and Rome, including medical books. Muslim doctors like Rhazes and Avicenna translated Greek and Roman medical texts and developed medical ideas of their own. The Roman Catholic Church did preserve some medical knowledge , but it also stopped medicine from progressing in many ways. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Christianity (Roman Catholic) Progress No Progress Some monasteries had libraries with Greek and Roman medical texts Set up hospitals and medical schools Monks treated the sick Christianity usually did not permit the dissection of human bodies. Belief in supernatural causes and cures for disease, and the importance of these above anything else The church supported Galen’s theories Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Islam Progress No Progress Muslims believed that learning was important and translated and built upon Greek and Roman medical texts. Continued to use clinical observation Muslim doctors understood the importance of hygiene Set up hospitals Islam did not permit the dissection of human bodies Appealing to the Muslim god Allah was encouraged to cure disease Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Religion was still a controlling factor within medicine in both cases. Both believed that illness and disease was sent from God. The main difference between Muslims and Christians, however, was that in illness Christians would teach prayer and repentance whereas in Islam the religious book the Hadith taught to use medicine. Christians came into contact with the Islamic medical texts as they fought wars with the Muslim called the crusades, but the medical progress the Muslims had made spread slowly. Hospitals opened because the Qur’an instructed them to care for those who were ill. For probably the first time , doctors had to pass an exam to obtain a license to practise. Additionally alchemy developed which meant new techniques were discovered to create drugs. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Rhazes Rhazes was an Arab doctor who worked as head doctor at the hospital in Baghdad. He wrote a book that covered both Arab and Greek medicine called El Hawi. He also wrote about 200 medical works in total. These works made many discoveries using a mixture of both cultures, ideas, including the difference between smallpox and measles. He was also the first to notice that fever was the body’s natural impulse to heal itself. He was the first to consider allergies and to diagnose hay fever. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Avicenna Avicenna wrote a work called the Canon of Medicine. This consisted of his own ideas and the ideas of Galen and Hippocrates, which were used to form his own understanding. This work was translated into Latin and circulated in the west, and through this Greek learning was reintroduced to the Western countries. The Canon of Medicine was used as a medicine textbook well into the seventeenth century AD throughout Europe. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Ibn al-Nafis Ibn al-Nafis made a great anatomical discovery about pulmonary circulation. He discovered how blood was circulated through the heart, which disapproved Galen’s theory on types of blood and hole in the heart. He came the closet to discovering the complete circulatory system until the seventeenth century. He was highly revered in medicine for making such discoveries, which altered the discipline of surgery. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Catholicism The west had faired far worse after the fall of Rome than the East. By 1000 however, the situation was beginning to improve. Learning was being preserved and used by the Catholic Church. In monasteries, monks collected books and wrote new ones based on those they had in these libraries there were some medical works, including Greeks, Roman and Arab texts. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Church helped to set up medical schools and therefore had a large involvement in what and how new doctors were taught. This meant it was able to demand that spiritual treatments must be attempted before any natural ones. It also meant that many of the physicians were monks and friars, which further connected medicine to the Church. Hospitals were set up throughout Europe which treated everyone even the poor. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

An example of the Church’s hold on Western medicine is its discouragement of human dissection. This led to a lack of knowledge on anatomy. It also tried to suppress any scientific ideas might attempt to put natural or other medicinal cures before spiritual ones. This was even when the Church imprisoned Roger Bacon for linking medicine with astrology. To counteract this, the Church said that pilgrimage was the best way t cure yourself. This involved travelling to the shrine of a saint after pledging your faith to that saint. The saint would then heal you for your devotion. As it was expected that you would give a gift to this saint, the churches with the most visited shrines in them became very wealthy. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The church also collected records of any miracle that happened at the shine and made them available to the public. This quickly spread the idea of miracle cures as a results of pilgrimage. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Western Medieval Doctor The first medieval medical school was formed in Salerno, Italy around 900. The schools trained doctors from the works of Galen and Hippocrates. Some sources suggest that the schools trained both men and women. The schools used Greek and Roman ideas, often translated from the Arabic texts. This meant that thee medieval doctor was trained to base their medicine on the following: Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

In 1221, the Holy Roman Emperor decided to make it a legal requirement that only doctors who had trained at Salerno medical school and were approved by it could practise as doctors. This meant that licensed doctors had to be trained. It also meant that medicine could be regulated as all trained doctors were taught the same things. People became interested in further research into medicine and this led to witnessed dissections. Dissections allowed people to debate the difference between the finding from dissection and the writings of Galen and Hippocrates. This led to new ideas about diagnosis (e.g. the urine can help diagnosis by observing colour) and surgery. However, these ideas still did not become prominent theories in medicine due to traditionalists who kept Galen and Hippocrates at the centre of the syllabus for all student doctors. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The following diagram shows how doctors went about treating patients. They were given the cause by the Church and used their medical training to diagnose the cure from that cause. They then checked this with a medical book called Vade mecum which gave the knowledge of how to do it. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Summary The Middle Ages - Surgery and Anatomy
Church control—dissections banned Later allowed 1 per year—to prove Galen right Surgeons were looked down upon War Zodiac chart Factors Luck Religion Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Middle Ages Surgery and Anatomy
Surgery and Anatomy did not necessarily decline as much as disease and infection during the Middle Ages, but certainly no meaningful progress was really made. In the early 1300s a new anaesthetic called hemlock was discovered. However surgeons had lost respect and were looked down upon by doctors. Many were actually untrained barber surgeons. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

John of Ardene is often considered the father of modern surgery. He strived to find actual working cures of which many are still used today. Many of his treatments stemmed from his involvement with the army during the 100 Years War, or concerned the treatment of injuries sustained from horse riding. He believed the rich should pay for his services but he worked for the poor for free. Again many wars gave plenty of opportunity for battlefield surgeons. Zodiac charts formed a major part of surgeon's armoury telling them when and sometimes where to operate. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Anatomy did not change. Initially, the Catholic Church banned dissection, but later allowed one per year. However, this was only done in order to prove that Galen was correct. If Galen's ideas and the test body did not match then they thought the body must have been wrong. Students would learn through hearing a lecturer or surgeon reading through Galen's books whilst completing a dissection Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Islamic surgery The Islamic surgeon Abulcasis wrote a scientific work on surgery, explaining processes ad theories with diagrams. He wrote that the most important thing for a surgeon to do is to prepare fully before a surgery. This included knowing the cause of the illness before surgery, where everything is in preparation for an operation and they should decided upon the best form of surgery before the act, so that they might work as fast as possible to reduce the risk of death. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

However, most surgery in Islam was a last resort, doctors being happier to treat the illness without opening the body up. When they did carry out operations, they had better anaesthetics to reduce pain and better anatomical knowledge t reduce false diagnoses and therefore cause death during surgery. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Summary The Middle Ages - Public Health
Decline—rulers = war and no interest Black Death—miasma/ God—streets cleaned, but no money Factors War Luck Government Religion Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The Middle Ages Public Health
A public health system like the Romans had did not exists in the Middle Ages. People understood that keeping clean would help them stay healthy, but they found it difficult to without running water and sewers. The problems were: Clean running water was available for the rich only People chucked their rubbish and sewage onto the streets and into rivers Laws passed to keep the streets clean were hard to enforce Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

The monarch felt that health and medicine was below him, instead it was his duty to deal with war. Furthermore, du to the incredibly strong religious beliefs, people didn’t worry about dirt. They felt all disease was sent by God, so keeping clean wouldn’t affect him in any way. Public health was not all bad in the Middle Ages. Towns had public baths. Monasteries were rich and had fresh water and sewer system. Monks would wash in rooms called ‘ lavers’ and have clean towels dry themselves with. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Hospitals Hospitals, like St Bartholomew’s in London, were set up by the Church for the first time since the Roman period. They had better water and sewage systems than the average medieval home. Some hospitals would treat the sick and others would just provide a clean environment where people would hopefully recover. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Caring for the ill There were different types of people you could go if you were ill, including trained (and expensive) doctors, local healers, apothecaries (pharmacists) and monks. Doctors looked at the colour of, smelt and tasted urine to diagnose the disease again at a urine chart. All of these people might give supernatural and/ or natural treatment. Treatments included: Bleeding and purging to rebalance the humours Using the ‘opposite’ of the illness to treat it Healing herbs Charms and prayer Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Black Death 1348 The Black Death was a plague that hit Eastern Europe between 1347 and It quickly reached the West in The plague could kill in as short a space of time as a day. Between a quarter and a third of people in Europe died in the Black Death Doctors did not know what it was or how to cure it. We now know that it was spread in two ways; by fleas on rats and by sneezing. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

People at the time claimed it had a mixture of causes; God, the air and the planets. Doctors understood that it was being passed from person to person and as such was contagious. This meant that they told people to stay away from infected people. They gave many explanations but none of them explained the high level of deaths and none of their cures could stop it from spreading. A group called Flagellants, who believed that the plague was sent by God who was angry at their lack of faith, paraded through the streets whipping themselves as punishments, hoping that God would then spare them. They believed this was a cure for the Black Death. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Examination Practice Part A’s They are worth 5 marks. You should spend 5 minutes on this question. You should identify 5 key points/ideas. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Briefly describe the treatments used by medieval doctors.
getting humours back into balance, purging, bleeding, medicines made from plants, bezoar, sugar, ointments to cool the humours, use of Zodiac charts to decide when to bleed people. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Briefly describe the part played by monasteries in medieval medicine.
clean water, wash-rooms, flushed latrines, providing medical care for outsiders, developing treatments/medicines. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Briefly describe treatments in medieval hospitals.
treatments based on the Four Humours - purging, bleeding most were houses of religion so their main job was to care for patients spiritually, patients spent their time praying they were fed and kept clean the poor were given a few nights shelter by almshouses leper houses kept lepers separate from the rest of society treatments performed by nuns and priests Sanitation in monasteries Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Examination Practice Part B’s They are worth 7 marks. You should spend 10 minutes on this question. You should identify 3 reasons why. Each reason should start a paragraph. There should be another 2-3 sentences explaining the reasons. Remember to include a WOW fact! Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

How did people in the Middle Ages explain the Black Death?
punishment from God, bad air/smells, Jews, the position of the planets, Four Humours. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

How did people in the Middle Ages explain the Black Death?
For example… They thought that the Black Death was a punishment from God. In those days they explained most things by religious reasons. They thought that if mankind had been committing sins then God would punish them by sending the Black Death. Some people went round flogging themselves hoping that if they punished themselves and shoed they were sorry God would stop the Black Death. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Monasteries/ hospitals Preserve Greek and Roman medical writings
How did the Church help the development of medicine in the Middle Ages? Monasteries/ hospitals Preserve Greek and Roman medical writings Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

How did the Church help the development of medicine in the Middle Ages?
For example… The Church helped the development of medicine in several ways. One important way was through the monasteries. They built hospitals because it was the duty of monks to look after the sick. They would also study and grow herbs for treating their patients. The monasteries also were wealthy enough to build themselves good public health facilities to provide clean water, drains, privies and wash houses. Often the best public health in the Middle Ages was to be found in monasteries. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Explain why public health in the Middle Ages was poor?
Fall of Roman Empire Lack of understanding Impact of war Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Explain why public health in the Middle Ages was poor?
For example One of the reasons why public health in the Middle Ages was so poor was the fall of the Roman Empire. Goths invaded and destroyed many of the Roman cities. These cities were in ruins and their public health systems fell into decay and were lost. There was also no proper government for a long time and you need strong governments to provide public health facilities. Roman libraries were also destroyed and this meant that ideas about the importance of public health were also lost. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Examination Practice Part C’s They are worth 8 marks. You should spend minutes on this question. You need to produce a balanced answer with two sides. It is an argument, so pick one side, even if you do not believe it! Think of 2-3 reasons for each side and remember the WOW factors! To achieve the highest marks, you must come to a justified conclusion. The examiners will reward anyone the marks, as long as you explain your judgement. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Why did the Ancient Greeks make more progress in medicine than people in the Middle Ages? Explain your answer. The Greeks’ way of life helped them. It allowed the wealthy classes to spend their time being educated. They were very interested in the natural world around them and began to develop theories of how the world worked. One of these ideas was the theory of the Four Humours which provided a natural explanation for why people became ill and how they could stay healthy. The Greeks made much more progress than the people in the Middle Ages because the Christian Church held things back in the Middle Ages. It taught that illness could be caused by devils or by God as a punishment. God had to be prayed to, to make people better because he was the only one powerful enough to do this. However, there was a lot of progress made in medicine in the Middle Ages in monasteries. They provided clean, pure water for the monks so that they did not catch disease and established some very important hospitals. These hospitals provided care and treatment for a lot of the community living nearby. The Greeks made more progress because they introduced the idea that disease had natural causes, and the treatments being used in the monastic hospitals were based on Greek ideas, like the Four Humours. Learning Outcomes By the end of this lesson you will be able to… Describe the key features of an exam questions and the time period. E-D Explain how to answer an exam question and the technique required. C-B Judge the significance of key features in the time period. A-A*

Topic 5 - The Middle Ages Learning Outcomes

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Topic 5 - The Middle Ages Learning Outcomes"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Topic 5 - The Middle Ages Learning Outcomes

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Topic 5 - The Middle Ages Learning Outcomes"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback