1. Chapter 14

2. Section 2 Changes in Medieval Society
A Growing Food Supply
Switched from Ox to Horse
Could plow 3x’s as much land in a day
Better harnesses invented
3-field system
Two fields planted, one fallow

3. Merchants of the same business
Guilds
Merchants of the same business
Controlled number of goods being traded and kept prices up
Set standards for quality of work, wages, working conditions
Craft guild (open to page 388)
Young people trained in a skilled job
Apprentice, Journeyman, Master

4. Trade and business expanded, cities grow Fairs and Trade
3. Commercial Revolution
Trade and business expanded, cities grow
Fairs and Trade
Cloth most common item
Trade routes opened up
Businesses and Banks
Bills of credit eliminated need to carry a lot of cash
Merchants needed to borrow money.
This was seen as a sin (usury) in the eyes of the Church
Society Changes
See paged 390

5. Urban Life Flourishes Trade and towns Grow Together Drawbacks
Streets narrow, filled with animals and their waste
No sewers, no baths, no fresh air, light, clean water
Houses fire hazards
Merchant Class Shifts the Social Order
Merchants and craftspeople did not fit medieval social order
At first, Feudal lords had authority
Burghers took over

6. The Revival of Learning
During the Crusades, European contact with Muslims and Byzantines expanded which brought an interest in learning

7. The Revival of Learning Cont.d’
The Muslim Connection
Christian scholars visited Muslim libraries in Spain
Crusaders brought back Muslim technology
Scholars and the University
People made the medieval university
Used vernacular language
Be familiar with the popular literature

8. The Revival of Learning Cont.d’ Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy
Thomas Aquinas
Argued basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument
Followers became known as schoolmen or scholastics

9. Section 3 England and France Develop
Early Invasions
Danish, Vikings
Alfred the Great, turned them back, but then…
Danish king Canute conquered England, but then…
King Edward the Confessor takes the throne
Died with no heir, struggle for the throne occurred
The Norman Conquest
William, Duke of Normandy, (William the Conqueror) invaded England
Battle of Hastings changed course of English History

10. Have powers over nobles and Church
England’s Evolving government
Two goals:
Help French lands
Have powers over nobles and Church
Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine
Henry became vassal to the French king. But was King of England at the same time.
Juries and Common Law
Judges sent out to parts of England
Common law established

11. Richard the Lion-hearted succeeded Henry II John then took over
Magna Carta
Richard the Lion-hearted succeeded Henry II
John then took over
What happened?
Magna Carta developed
What were some of these rights?
The Model Parliament (served as a model for later kings
Edward I
Two burgesses and knights
Parliament established: legislative group
Made up of two groups
House of Commons (two burgesses and knights)
House of Lords (nobles and bishops)

12. Capetian Dynasty Rules France
After the breakup of Charlemagne's empire, French counts and dukes ruled their lands independently under the feudal system
47 Feudal territories
Louis the Sluggard, last member of the Carolingian family, died
Hugh Capet succeeded him

13. France Becomes a Separate Kingdom
Hugh Capet and ancestors weak rulers, however, controlling Paris allowed them to unite France

14. Phillip II Expands His Power
Philip II, Philip Augustus, won of the strongest Capetian rulers
He saw his father lose land to King Henry II from England
Became king at age 15; willing to do anything to achieve goals.
Did not have success against Henry II, or his son (Richard the Lion Hearted)
Did have success from King John. Seized Normandy.

15. Philip II’ Heirs Louis IX
Philip’s grandson
France central government became stronger under him
Pious an saintly
Made saint by Catholic Church
1302, Philip IV fought with the pope because priests didn’t pay taxes to the king

16. Estates-General
Typically only lords and bishops called to discuss policies.
Philip called the commoners
Church leaders were the First estate
Lords, Second Estate
Commoners became the Third Estate
Meeting Philip called was he Estates-General
E.G. helped increase royal power
1st and 2nd would not grow
3rd would play a key role in overthrowing the French monarchy during the French Revolution

17. The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague
Section 4
The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague

18. A Church Divided
Pope and church were in trouble

19. Pope and King Collide Pope Boniface VIII vs. King Philip IV of France
King used his power with the bishops
Pope sent a letter saying kings
must obey popes
King held pope prisoner
Pope was rescued
Pope never again has power
over monarchs

20. Avignon and the Great Schism
Philip IV got a French archbishop as
a new pope, Clement V
Clement V moved papacy from
Rome, Italy to Avignon, France.
Popes live there for 69 years
Reformers tried to move the
papacy back to Rome
Italian pope chosen, Urban VI.
Bishops regretted their decision
Chose a second pope, Clement VII

21. Avignon and the Great Schism Continued…
Now there were two Popes
Each said the other was not pope and excommunicated them
French pope lived in Avignon, Italian pope lived in Rome
Church began to split; became known as Great Schism (division)

22. Council of Constance tried to end the Great Schism
Chose another pope
Now 3 popes
Holy Roman Emperor told the council to resign all three popes
New pope chosen, Martin V
Result
Ended the Great Schism
Papacy weakened

23. Scholars Challenge Church Authority
Englishman: John Wycliffe
Said Jesus Christ, not the pope was the true head of the Church
Bible, not the pope was the final authority for Christian life

24. Scholars Continued…
Jan Hus, said authority of Bible higher than the pope
Excommunicated in 1412.
1414 Hus seized by Church leaders, burned at the stake in 1415.

25. The Bubonic Plague Strikes
Another name: Black Death
1300’s
1/3 of the population
Tore communities apart

26. Origins and Impact of the Plague
Began in Asia
Arrived by ship
Swept through
Italy
Took four years
Killed almost 25 million Europeans

27. The Plague Itself Carried by black rats
People didn’t bathe, most had fleas or lice
Garbage and sewage thrown into the streets
Fleas leapt from person to person
Symptoms
Painful swellings (called buboes) in the lymph nodes, especially in the armpits and groin
Purplish, blackish spots, high fever, shills, delirium, death
Approximately 75 million died world-wide

29. Effects of the Plague
Social and Economic changes (see page 401)

30. The Hundred Years’ War War marked the end of medieval Europe’s society
What was the war about?
French Throne
England's Edward III claimed the right to French throne
Lasted from
Ultimately, the French drove out the English
Warfare changed

31. The Longbow Changes Warfare
Battle of Crecy (read)
“machine gun” of the
Middle Ages
As tall, or taller
than the man
Fatal when shot within
100 yards
12-15 per minute
Could hit 200 yards
away

32. Joan of Arc Treaty between France and England
After French king Charles VI died, Henry V, from England, would take over.

33. Joan of Arc
Teenage French peasant girl, began to hear voices of saints
Told her to drive out the English
Crown should go to Charles VII.
Led French army into victory at a battle near Orleans
Persuaded Charles to go to Reims.
He was crowned king.
England’s allies, captured her and gave her to the English
English gave her to church authorities
Charles VII did nothing to help her
Condemned as a witch and heretic, she was burned at the stake.

34. The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War
Nationalism
French monarch power increased
War of the Roses, period of English turmoil
End of Hundred Years War end of Middle Ages