1. What contributions did the Greeks and Romans make to democracy?
Rise of Democracy
Essential Question:
What contributions did the Greeks and Romans make to democracy?

2. The Beginning of Democracy
Greece:
The Greek civilization was made up of city-states.
Each city-state had it’s own government.
First democracy developed in Athens Greece.
Demos=people, kratos=power
Other city-states had different governments
aristocracy/oligarchy: ruled by the noble class and rich families.
Monarchy: ruled by one king
Greece:
Every civilization has always had a need for a government, or a system for exercising authority to keep order.
The Greek civilization began about 2000 B.C. and it was made up of city-states. Each city-state had it’s own government.
The first democracy developed in Athens Greece. Democracy is the idea that people can govern themselves.
Originally Athens was ruled by an Absolute Monarchy: King.
Than it changed to an aristocracy/oligarchy, which was ruled by the noble class (rich families). The nobles had an assembly of citizens, each year they elected 3 nobles to rule Athens.

3. Reform in Ancient Greece
Solon:
Ended slavery based on debt
Expanded citizenship
Citizenship was based on wealth instead of heredity (family)
Still only free males
Cleisthenes:
Reorganized assembly to include rich and poor citizens
Allowed all citizens to submit laws for debate
Pericles:
Paid public officials and jurors
More involvement by poor citizens
Direct democracy: people, not representatives control government
In 594 B.C. all free adult males were citizens. All citizens were able to vote in the assembly (not just the noble class).
Citizenship was based on wealth instead of heredity (family) and made four kinds of citizenship. Only the 3 higher classes could hold public office (not the poor).
Only one-tenth of the population were citizens: women, slaves (1/3 of the population) and foreign residents couldn’t be citizens.
As time passed the poor were allowed to hold government jobs and participate in politics.
As more citizens participated in Government and turned Athens into a Direct Democracy. Direct Democracy is when citizens participate with the government opposed to just elected officials to represent them.

4. Greek Philosophers Plato: Aristotle: Legacy: Wrote the “Republic”
Philosopher king should rule
Aristotle:
Wrote “Politics”
Human nature to live under a government authority
Legacy:
3 branches of government
Legislative: make laws
Executive: enforce laws
Judicial: trials based on laws
Greeks searched for truth, instead of using superstition
Used reason and intelligence based on Natural Laws.
They also develop the three branches of government that we use in the U.S.
Three branches
Legislative branch to pass laws
Executive branch to carry out laws
Judicial branch to settle disputes about the law (courts)

5. Romans
Rome was ruled by Kings -> then aristocracy -> a republic in 509 B.C.
Republic: citizens elect their leaders to make government decisions
indirect democracy.
Citizens were free born male citizens
US modeled its Government after the Romans
Rule of Law
Twelve tables: written laws
Laws based on reason, protect citizens and property
Written laws used in trials and universities
Roman had battled with the Greeks for the Italian peninsula, during that time they had been exposed to Greek culture and government which they adopted.
Rome grew as the Greeks fell from power.
At first Rome was ruled by Kings but than it was ruled by aristocracy and than to a republic in 509 B.C.
A republic is when citizens elect their leaders who will make government decisions (indirect democracy).
Citizens were free born male citizens as in Athens.
US modeled its Government after the Romans

6. Notes: World Religions
Essential Question: What influence do religions have on government?

7. Judaism God commands people to live moral lives
Choose right from wrong
10 Commandments are written law code
Rules of social & religious behavior
Hebrew bible: Old Testament
Torah: first 5 books
Oppose injustice and oppression, people capable of living with morals
Monotheistic religion began about 1,800 BC with Abraham in Mesopotamia. God allegedly to him to move his family to Canaan.
God commands people to live moral lives, unlike the polytheistic religions of the time that only wanted sacrifices and rituals.
People have dignity by being children of God. God gives humans moral freedom: choosing between good and evil.
God gave Jews a written code of laws: 10 Commandments. Social and religious rules on behavior.
Main beliefs: responsibility of all people to oppose injustice and oppression and community should assist unfortunate (overexploited). Life on earth can be improved, poverty and injustice need not exist and people are capable of living good, moral lives

8. Christianity Love: God, yourself, neighbor, enemies
Sincerely repent sins=entrance into kingdom of heaven
All people are equal in the eyes of God
Spread by disciples after Jesus’ death
Becomes official religion of Rome 380 AD
Romans controlled Judea by 63 BC. Jesus of Nazareth born between 6-4 BC and began ministering around age 30. Teaching contained ideas from Jewish traditions: monotheism and 10 commandments.
Teachings focused on love: God, neighbors, enemies, yourself. God would open kingdom to those who believe in him and repent their sins.
29 AD visited Jerusalem, persecuted by Roman law, condemned to death by crucifixion. Believed to have resurrected and ascended to heaven. Believed to be Messiah, “savior”, Christ=Greek for savior.
Disciples spread ideas, then Roman Empire makes Christianity official religion.
Universal: open to all, both Jews and non-Jews

9. Islam Developed early 600s
Quran is holy bible
Dignity of all humans, brotherhood, community, unity, & tolerance
Rulers required to follow rule of law
Monotheistic. Developed in Asia around early 600s. Based on word of God as revealed to Muhammad. Teachings in holy book: Quran.
Emphasized dignity of all human beings, brotherhood of all people, bond of community, unity of all people, tolerance of different groups.
Followers called Muslims, required to offer charity. Muslim law requires all, even rulers to obey same laws. Required to show tolerance for other religions.