1. Rise of Rome

2. The Roman Empire

3. Protection
The Alps and the Mediterranean Sea provided protection for Rome

4. The Beginning
According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus (twin brothers)

5. Lucky Number 7
Rome was built on seven rolling hills at a curve on the Tiber River
This strategic location in the middle of the Italian Peninsula gave Rome fertile soil.

6. Control of Rome In the beginning 3 groups inhabited Rome: 3. Etruscans
2. Greeks
1. Latins

7. Greek Influence Greeks established 50 colonies (settlements) in Italy
These cities became busy with trade
Brought Italy and Rome in closer contact with Greece
Greeks taught Romans how to grow grapes and olives

8. The Etruscans Native to Northern Italy
They were skilled metalworkers and engineers
Strongly influenced Roman civilization

9. Roman Mythology
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10. Copy Cats! The Romans based their religion on Greek Mythology
They were also polytheistic
Many of the gods/goddesses were the same, but the Romans changed their names
The gods explained human qualities and life events

11. Goddess of love and beauty
The Roman Gods
Roman God
Greek God
Represents
Jupiter
Zeus
God of light and sky
Juno
Hera
Queen of the Gods
Apollo
God of healing
Diana
Artemis
Goddess of Fertility
Minerva
Athena
Goddess of wisdom
Venus
Aphrodite
Goddess of love and beauty

12. Jupiter
God of light and sky
Supreme ruler of the gods

13. Juno
Queen of the Gods

14. Apollo
God of music, light and healing

15. Diana
Goddess of fertility and hunt

16. Minerva
Goddess of Wisdom

17. Venus
Goddess of love and beauty

18. Roman Literature Virgil – wrote the Aeneid A Latin epic
legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who traveled to Italy where he became the ancestor of the Romans

20. Architecture 3.Cement 2. Baked Brick 1. Arch
Romans brought many new ideas to architecture
Taught by the Etruscans
3.Cement
2. Baked Brick
1. Arch

21. Roman Arch
A way to make a doorway or window with no beams
Keystone

24. Aqueducts River water was dirty with sewage
Aqueducts brought clean water to cities from far nearby hills

28. Pantheon
Temple built for the seven roman gods

31. Coliseum An ancient sports arena in the shape of an oval stadium
Had mock battles where over 10,000 slaves, prisoners or volunteers were killed
Could hold over 50,000 spectators

38. The Punic Wars
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39. Roman Legion Divided into infantry and cavalry 5,000 Soldiers
Every citizen had to serve for 10 years

40. Roman Legion
Divided into smaller groups of 80 men called a century

41. Roman Power Grows Roman power grew slowly and steadily
Eventually conquered all of Italy

42. The Defeated People Rome was lenient to the people they conquered
They were allowed to be full citizens if they lived on the Tiber
Those who lived further away had citizenship but could not vote.

43. The Punic Wars
Eventually Rome and Carthage began to fight over trade in the Mediterranean Sea
They fought 3 battles

45. The First Punic War Fought over Sicily for 23 years Carthage lost
This was Rome’s first province

46. The Second Punic War Carthage was led by HANNIBAL a brilliant general.
He used 50,000 men, 9,000 cavalry and 60 elephants.
To surprise Rome he went through the Alps

49. The Second Punic War For 10 years he pillaged northern Italy
Finally a Roman general name SCIPIO defeated Hannibal.

50. The Third Punic War By this time, Carthage was no longer a threat.
Cato a influential senator reminded them of the terror Hannibal laid on Italy.
Romans destroy Carthage and sold all of Carthaginians into slavery

51. Victory in the Punic Wars gave Rome control of the Mediterranean
Rome In Control
Victory in the Punic Wars gave Rome control of the Mediterranean

52. From Republic to Empire
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53. After the Punic Wars
Increasing wealth and expanding empire brought many problems
The most serious problem was the widening gap between the rich and the poor.

54. Thousands of slaves were captured and made to work on Latifundias = huge estates.1

55. 2 Thousands of Soldiers returned from war without jobs or homes.
They moved to cities like Rome to find work.
They became part of the poor class. 2

56. Two Brothers
Tiberius and Gracchus tried to help Rome’s poor by proposing to:
Give land to the poor
Limit the size of estates (latifundias)
The senators felt threatened and the two brothers were murdered

57. Rich Romans became corrupt with money and luxury and tensions between the rich and the poor caused a civil war! 3

58. Julius Caesar
Eventually an ambitious and daring leader emerged to bring order to Rome

59. Triumvirate He conquered all of Gaul in France
The First Triumvirate = Julius Caesar, Crassus and Pompey
Triumvirate = a group of three leaders working together in government
He conquered all of Gaul in France

60. Caesar’s Reforms He expanded the Senate by adding his friends
He became the absolute ruler of Rome = he had total power.
He expanded the Senate by adding his friends
Created jobs for the poor and expanded land
Raised pay for soldiers

61. Caesar’s Assassination

62. Why did Julius Caesar have enemies among the rich and powerful?
military victories = very popular with the Romans.
His soldiers were very loyal to their leader so Senate was afraid of his popularity and power.
Pompey and some senators tried to take over power and Caesar defeated Pompey.
After the civil war, Caesar was given more power.
Senators didn't trust anyone who wanted to be a dictator and take their power. They thought he was trying to end the Republic.
Caesar tried to get control of the senate by adding more senators who were loyal to him. Therefore, the senators felt their power was slipping even further.
He granted citizenship to many Greeks. This made many Roman citizens angry.

63. Rise of Imperial Rome
Octavian = adopted son of Caesar defeats Mark Antony (Caesar’s best general
Accepts title of Augustus = “exalted one” and becomes Rome’s first Emperor.
During his rule Rome enters a time of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana or “Roman Peace”

64. The Age of Augustus (Imperial Rome)

65. A Vast and Powerful Empire
Octavian the adopted son of Julius Caesar accepts the title Augustus (exalted one)
During his rule, Rome reaches its peak in power and reaches a time of great peace
From 27 B.C. to 180 A.D there will be a period of 207 years of peace called the Pax Romana

66. Economy during Pax Romana
Agriculture is the most important industry of the Roman empire
Whole empire used uniform silver coin called a denarius which made trade easier
Had a huge network of roads that connected all the way to Persia and Russia
Created prosperity and stability

67. Government of Pax Romana
Augustus was a great emperor who:
stabilized the frontier
glorified Rome with splendid public buildings
Set up a civil service
A civil service paid workers from the Plebeian class to:
Manage grain supply
Collect taxes
Manage a postal system
Government was very stable

68. Emperor Succession
Peace and prosperity depended on orderly transfer of power
There was no written law for how to transfer the emperor’s power when he died
Five good emperors solved this problem only for a little time.

69. Rise of Christianity in Rome

70. The Teachings of Jesus Jesus born in Bethlehem in Judea
He was both a Jew and Roman citizen
He was baptized by John the Baptist

71. Jesus’ Message
By age 30, he began preaching publicly and for 3 years he:
Preached
Taught
Did good works
Performed miracles
Contained many ideas of Judaism such as: Monotheism and the 10 Commandments
He emphasized God’s personal relationship with each human being.

73. Jesus’ Message
Stressed importance of love for God, neighbors, enemies and even their own selves.
He gathered 12 apostles or pupils = disciples
Main source of information about Jesus comes from the Gospels – the first 4 books of the New Testament of the Bible
Gospels written by one or more of the apostles (disciples).

74. Jesus’ Death The people called him the Messiah which means King.
This worried the Roman and Jewish leaders, Pontius Pilate a Roman governor arrested Jesus.
Sentenced to be crucified or nailed to a cross.

75. Resurrection
According to Gospels he rose from the dead and ascended to heaven
One of the first apostles, Peter, spread the teachings of Jesus throughout Palestine and Syria

76. Christianity Spreads
Another apostle, Paul had enormous influence of the development of Christianity
Spread during the Pax Romana where conditions were safe for travel on the Roman Roads.
Paul stressed that Jesus was the son of God who died for people’s sins.

77. Jewish Rebellion
The Jews eventually rebelled against control of Romans
About half million Jews died trying to break free from Roman control.
This caused a Diaspora – when mass Jews were driven from their homeland in Jerusalem into exile.

78. Persecution of the Christians
Christians would not worship Roman Gods = viewed as opposition to Roman rule
Some Romans blamed bad economic conditions on Christians
When a disastrous fire occurred in Rome, and Emperor Nero blamed the Christians and ordered them to be persecuted.
Thousands were exiled, imprisoned, crucified, burned or killed by animals in circus arenas

79. A World Religion
Christianity still survived because of widespread appeal:
1. Embraced all people
2. Gave hope to the powerless
3. Appealed to people who rejected the extravagances of imperial Rome
4. Offered a personal relationship with a loving God
5. Promised life after death.

80. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

81. Economic Troubles Decline begins after the Pax Romana in 3rd Century
Invaders made trade unsafe on sea and on roads
The rich spent gold and silver on luxury items from Asia which drained Rome of these precious metals
Rome began making coins with less silver which caused inflation.

82. Economic Troubles
Inflation = Drastic drop in the value of money coupled with rising prices for items
Agriculture decreased because of infertile soil, and farmland destroyed by war.
Food shortages
Spread of disease

83. Military Troubles Germanic tribes were invading Rome
Soldiers no longer had discipline or loyalty to Rome.
Soldiers had loyalty only to their commanders, who fought not for Rome, but to try to become the emperor.
To defend Rome, mercenaries were recruited
Mercenaries = Foreign soldiers who fought for money.

84. Political Troubles
Troubles in the empire made citizens lose patriotism for Rome
Being a political official was no longer thought to be an honor
Few people wanted to serve in the government
Out of 26 generals who became emperors, 25 met violent deaths.

85. Temporary Help Diocletian in A.D. 284 became a strong leader
He doubled the Roman armies and hired German mercenaries
Persecuted Christians
He divided the Roman empire into 2 sides
East: Greek speaking
West: Latin speaking
He took over the West, but Civil war broke out after his death

86. Constantine
Constantine took over the Eastern half of the empire in A.D. 312
Moved the capital to a strategic location in Greece in the East in Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople
He accepted Christianity

87. The West Falls
The west faced worse problems than the east that was far from invaders
From A.D. 376 to 476, huge numbers of Germanic tribes poured into Rome to get away from the fierce Huns
Attila the Hun was a powerful chieftain who swept through the west

90. The West Falls
Germanic tribes continued to invade and finally the west was no longer Rome
The Eastern Roman empire will continue as the Byzantine Empire that will preserve Greek and Roman heritage