1. Option B Topics B5: Nutrients IB Chemistry
Mr. Thomson
AISB

2. Syllabus Statements
B Outline the difference between micronutrients and macronutrients.

3. Micronutrients Substances required in very small amounts (mg or μg)
Mainly function as a co-factor of enzymes (<0.005% body weight)
Essential for proper cell function
Do not provide energy
Examples include vitamins and trace minerals (Fe, Cu, F, Zn, I, Se, Mn, Mo, Cr, Co and B)
Not produced by the body (except for Vitamin D)

4. Macronutrients
Chemical substances that are required in relatively large amounts (>0.005% body weight)
Carbs and fats supply energy
Proteins are required for growth and maintenance of the body
Examples include proteins, fats, carbohydrates and minerals (Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, S and Cl)

5. Syllabus Statements
B.5.2 Compare the structures of retinol (vitamin A), calciferol (vitamin D) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). B.5.3 Deduce whether a vitamin is water- or fat-soluble from its structure.

6. Water soluble or fat soluble? Why?
Vitamin A
Water soluble or fat soluble? Why?
Source: IB Chemistry Data Booklet

7. Water soluble or fat soluble? Why?
Vitamin D
Water soluble or fat soluble? Why?
Source: IB Chemistry Data Booklet

8. Water soluble or fat soluble? Why?
Vitamin C
Water soluble or fat soluble? Why?
Source: IB Chemistry Data Booklet

9. Water soluble vs. Fat soluble
Must be taken (almost) every day.
B-Vitamins
Vitamin C
Since they can be stored in fat, they do not need to be taken every day.
Vitamin A, D, E and K

10. Syllabus Statements
B.5.4 Discuss the causes and effects of nutrient deficiencies in different countries and suggest solutions.

11. Micronutrient Deficiencies and their effects
Iron Deficiency
Anemia (blood disorder: lack of red blood cells)
Insufficient oxygen is carried to the cells, leading to fatigue.
Iodine Deficiency
Goiter (swelling in the neck due to enlarged thyroid gland)
Vitamin A (Retinol)
Dry eyes, due to failure to produce tears
Early symptom is night blindness

12. Micronutrient Deficiencies and their effects
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Pellagra
Symptoms include diarrhea, dementia and skin rash
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)
Beriberi
Affects the muscles, heart, and nerves
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Scurvy
Bleeding lesions on the legs and thighs
Soft, rotten gums

13. Micronutrient Deficiencies and their effects
Vitamin D (Calciferol)
Rickets
Malformation and softening of bones
Vitamin D protects the teeth and bones against the effects of low calcium intake by making effective use of both calcium and phosphorus.

14. Macronutrient Deficiencies and their effects
Protein Deficiency
Marasmus
Severe protein and calorie deficiency in children under one year of age.
Results in growth retardation and wasting.
Victims are emaciated and body mass may be as little as 20% of nromal.
Kwashiorkor
Malnutrition from insufficient protein in the diet in children over 18 months old.
Leads to edema (swelling), fatigue, decreased immunity, lethargy, muscle weakness, slow growth and development, weight loss

15. Macronutrient Deficiencies and their effects
Calcium Deficiency
Osteoporosis
Sodium Deficiency
Cramps

16. Solutions to Micronutrient Deficiencies
Balanced Diet
High in fruits and vegetables
Additives
Vitamin A to margarine
Vitamin B to flour
Vitamin C to juices
Vitamin D to milk

17. Solutions to Vitamin Deficiencies
Providing food composed of fresh vitamin-rich and mineral-rich foods
Brown rice, whole grains, fruits and vegetables (Vitamin B1)
Fish, poultry, nuts and cereals (Vitamin B3)
Fruits and green vegetables (Vitamin A and C)
Milk and dairy products (Calcium)
Adding nutrients missing in commonly consumed food.
Iodine added to salt

18. Solutions to Vitamin Deficiencies
Genetic modifications
Create food so that foods contain essential nutrients that would not naturally be present
Nutritional supplements
Many vitamins and minerals can be obtained through supplements
Selenium supplements
Particularly for people eating foods grown in selenium-poor soil
Iron rich foods
Green leafy vegetables, red meat, whole grain, or taking iron supplement

19. What you should do now?
Practice problems, with Markscheme posted on Moodle.