1. Anatomy and Physiology
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Eleventh Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 22
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Male Reproductive System
Primary sex organ (gonads)
testes
Accessory sex organs:
Epididymis
Ductus deferentia
– aka vas deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Scrotum
Penis

3. Testes Suspended by spermatic cord
Within saclike structure called the scrotum
Develop in same area of kidneys but descend through inguinal canal before birth
Green box p.850
Cryptorchidism
Inguinal hernia
Strangulated hernia
posterior view

4. Structure of the Testes
Constructed of seminiferous tubules
Seminiferous tubules lined with epithelium from which sperm is made
Interstitial cells are between seminiferous tubules and secrete male hormones
P. 851 Testicular cancer

5. Formation of Sperm Cells
Spermatogonia in seminiferous tubules undergo meiosis to produce sperm

6. Spermatogenesis
Through meiosis one primary spermatocyte will produce 4 sperm cells.

7. Structure of a Sperm Cell
Three Regions
Head
Acrosome – enzymes that aid in penetration of egg
Nucleus – contains 23 chromosomes
Midpiece – contains mitochodria which produce energy needed for sperm to move
Tail – flagellum used for movement

8. Leeuwenhoek’s idea of sperm
Actual Sperm
Leeuwenhoek’s idea of sperm

9. Epididymides tightly coiled tubes connected to ducts within testis
secretes substances that promote maturation of sperm cells
Immature sperm stored there until they reach maturation

10. Ductus Deferentia Aka vas deferens muscular tubes about 45 cm each
extends from epididymis to ejaculatory duct which is the tube that leads into the urethra
Functions is to carry sperm from epididymis to urethra

11. Seminal Vesicles attached to vas deferens near base of bladder
secrete alkaline fluid which regulates pH needed for sperm
secretes fructose which sperm use for energy
Secretes prostaglandins that cause muscular contractions within female reproductive organs
contents empty into ejaculatory duct

12. Prostate Gland surrounds proximal portion of urethra
ducts of gland open into urethra
secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid
secretion enhances mobility of sperm and sustain them by neutralizing acidic conditions both from sperm themselves and within female reproductive system
P.858 Clinical Application: Enlarged Protate

13. Study links finger length to prostate cancer risk http://www. msnbc
LONDON — Men with long index fingers have a lower risk of prostate cancer, British scientists said on Wednesday, a finding that could be used to help select those who need regular screening for the disease.
More likely
Less likely

14. Bulbourethral Glands Aka Cowper’s gland inferior to the prostate gland
secrete mucus-like fluid
fluid released in response to sexual stimulation

15. Semen Includes sperm cells
secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
slightly alkaline – pH approximately 7.5
120 million sperm cells per milliliter
Sperm live for weeks in testes but only about 3 days (72 hours) outside of male body

16. Scrotum pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue dartos muscle
smooth muscle in subcutaneous tissue
Helps maintain optimal temperature for sperm by moving testes closer or further away from body
medial septum divides scrotum into two chambers
each chamber houses a testis and epididymis

17. Penis
conveys urine and semen to outside of body
specialized tissue designed to become erect for insertion into the vagina

18. Penis Consists of 3 layers of tissue Urethra extends through
Distal end forms glans penis where urethral opening is found
Contain pairs of arteries, veins, and nerves
Circumcision – prepuce (foreskin) is removed

19. Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions
hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce
gonadotropins (LH and FSH)

20. LH and FSH
FSH – follical stimulating hormone stimulates spermatocytes to produce sperm
LH – luteinizing hormone stimulates interstitial cells to produce androgens (male hormones)

21. Actions of Testosterone
The androgen testosterone is responsible for secondary sex characteristics.
increased growth of body hair
sometimes decreased growth of scalp hair
enlargement of larynx and thickening of vocal cords
thickening of skin
increased muscular growth
thickening and strengthening of the bones

22. Hormone Regulation
Hormone levels are regulated by a negative feedback system between the hypotalamus, anterior pituitary, and testes.
Levels increase with puberty (begins around age 10)

23. Female Reproductive System
Primary sex organ (gonads)
ovaries
Accessory sex organs:
Uterine tubes
(fallopian tubes)
Uterus
Vagina

24. Ovary Attachments
Ovaries and uterus are held in place by ligaments.

25. Primordial Follicles
Females are born with approximately 1 million primordial oocytes.
At puberty these begin to develop and be released one per month.

26. Oogenesis beginning at puberty primary oocytes undergo meiosis
Results in one secondary oocyte
Unequal division of the cytoplasm results in development of polar bodies which degenerate

27. Follicle Maturation Mature (Graafian) follicle Primordial follicle
Egg matures in a fluid filled, blister-like follicle
Maturation of a follical takes about days.

28. Follicle Maturation
Several follicles will be maturing at the same time just at different rates.

29. Ovulation Wall of follicle ruptures releasing the oocyte.
Green box P. 870 Clomid

30. Ovulation

31. Uterine Tubes aka Fallopian Tubes
About 10 cm long
convey eggs toward the uterus
Fingerlike projections called fimbriae direct egg into tube
Lining has cilia that help move egg downward

32. Lining of Uterine Tubes

33. Uterus aka Womb
hollow muscular organ that receives the embryo that has been fertilized in the uterine tube
End of uterus that opens into vagina is called the cervix

34. Cervix
Pap Smear is a test to check the cells of the cervix for any abnormality that might lead to or indicate cervical cancer
HPV – human papilloma virus leading cause of cervical cancer

35. Uterine Wall 3 layers Endometrium – mucosal layer
Myometrium – smooth muscle layer
Perimetrium – serosa layer

36. Vagina aka Birth Canal
fibromuscular tube that conveys uterine secretions, receives the penis during intercourse, and provides an open channel for offspring
Opening from outside is partially covered by hymen – a membrane

37. Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions
estrogens inhibit LH and FSH during most of the reproductive cycle
Birth control pills work because they are synthetic forms of estrogen and progesterone

38. Effects of Estrogens
development of breasts and ductile system of the mammary glands
increased adipose tissue in breasts, thighs, and buttocks
increases vascularization of skin
Body hair growth is due to androgens that increase at puberty

39. Female Reproductive Cycle
Like in the male, the hypothalamus secretes GnRH
GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH
FSH stimulates a follicle to develop

40. Female Reproductive Cycle
The follicle produces some estrogen
LH stimulates cells within the ovary to produce estrogen precursors
As a result of increasing estrogen levels the endometrium thickens

41. Female Reproductive Cycle
A spike in hormone levels (LH and FSH) during mid-cycle will cause ovulation to occur (egg released)
The leftover follicle, corpus luteum, secretes an increased level of progesterone.

42. Female Reproductive Cycle
Progesterone causes the endometrium to become more vascular.
If pregnancy does NOT occur the corpus luteum dries up and the hormone levels drop drastically
As a result of the drop in hormone levels the endometrium is shed

43. Menopause usually occurs in late 40s or early 50s
reproductive cycles stop
ovaries no longer produce as much estrogens and progesterone
some female secondary sex characteristics may disappear
may produce hot flashes and fatigue
hormone therapy may prevent effects on bone tissue

44. Mammary Glands
located in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior thorax within the breasts
composed of lobes
estrogens stimulate breast development in females

45. Birth Control coitus interruptus rhythm method mechanical barriers
condom
diaphragm
cervical cap
spermicidal foams or jellies
chemical barriers
spermicides
oral contraceptives
hormonal
injectable contraception
intrauterine devices
surgical methods
vasectomy
tubal ligation

46. Surgical Methods of Birth Control
Vasectomy
Tubal ligation