1. RISK ASSESSMENT OF HOSPITAL WASTE INCINERATION
SUBMITTED BY:
MOHIT KUMAR(2013CEV2189)
MANGI LAL (2013CEV2187)

2. Introduction Hospital is a place of almighty, a place to serve the patient. Since beginning, the hospitals are known for the treatment of sick persons but we are unaware about the adverse effects of the garbage and filth generated by them on human body and environment.

3. WHAT IS A MEDICAL WASTE? Definition of Medical Waste
In this course, medical waste includes all infectious waste, hazardous (including low-level radioactive wastes), and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions, including hospitals, clinics, doctor’s (including dental and veterinary) offices and medical laboratories.
Definition of Medical Waste
In this course, medical waste includes all infectious waste, hazardous (including low-level radioactive wastes), and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions, including hospitals, clinics, doctor’s (including dental and veterinary) offices and medical laboratories.

4. Human anatomical waste Plastic Yellow
Table 1. Type of container and colour code for collection of bio-medical waste
Category
Waste class
Type of container
Colour 1.
Human anatomical waste
Plastic
Yellow 2.
Animal waste
-do- 3.
Microbiology and Biotechnology waste
Yellow/Red 4.
Waste sharp
Plastic bag
puncture
Blue/White Translucent
proof containers 5.
Discarded medicines and Cytotoxic
Plastic bags
Black
Waste 6.
Solid (biomedical waste) 7.
Solid (plastic) 8.
Incineration waste 9.
Chemical waste (solid)
Source:

5. INCINERATION
Newly Regulated Emissions from Medical Waste Incineration:
Particulate Matter
Carbon Monoxide
Dioxin
Sulfur Dioxide
Hydrogen Chloride
Nitrogen Oxides
Cadmium
Lead
Mercury
Incineration, complete combustion by exposure of the waste to intense heat, has been used for several years to treat and destroy medical wastes. Stringent, new federal regulations under the Clean Air Act (40 CFR Part 60, Subparts Ec & Ce), however, may result in the decommissioning of these units to avoid the high costs of compliance.
The new EPA regulations restrict the following emissions from incinerators:
Particulate Matter
Carbon Monoxide
Dioxin
Sulfur Dioxide
Hydrogen Chloride
Nitrogen Oxides
Cadmium
Lead
Mercury
It is believed that 85-90% of all current incinerators will NOT meet the new requirements.

6. Typical Process Flow Diagram
Waste
Storage
Pre-processing/blending
Pollution Control
Incineration
Flue Gas
Ash
Stabilization
Effluent
Landfill
POTW

7. RISKS FROM WASTE INCINERATION
Risks to human
Risks to the environment, for instance hospital incineration impact upon flora and fauna
Risks to aesthetics.
Combinations of the previous three.

8. Table :-2 Case Study of UK ,Hospital incinerator problems
Level of risk
Very High
Moderate
Not serious
Do not know
missing
Total
General health
29.9%
13.8%
4.2%
22.8
100%
Eye irritation
24%
19.2%
18% 7%
31.7%
Tension
20.4%
21.6%
5.4%
38.9%
Respiratory
symptoms
33.5%
24.6%
Skin
irritation
27.5%
16.2%
3.6%

9. Table:-3 Hospital incinerator problems (Kirkby)
Level of risk
Very serious
Moderate
serious
Slight serious
Not serious
Do not know
Missing Data
Environmental
pollution
71.9
4.2
1.8
18.0
Animals
50.3
4.8
3.6
6.0
30.5
Crops
51.5
6.6
26.9
Children
61.1
9.6
3.0
2.4
20.4
pregnant
women
59.9
9.0
7.2

10. Infectious liquid waste
Infectious liquid waste
Waste Generators
(Hospitals, Nursing
home, Clinics)
Status
Septic tanks
Solid
Solid waste
open drains
Collected in open
Collection
bins without
* Overflowing
(technical + nontechnical)
disinfection
drains
* No segregation
* Poor sanitary
* No labeling of bins
conditions
Sorting (segregation)
* No colour coding of bins
* Sorting of used disposables
without disinfection
Recycling (at source)
Used plastic and glass
Intravenous Bowles
infections sets, sharps,
syringes and sold to third
party
Transportation
* Manually
transported
Recycling of
* No safety
precaution
clinical waste
by rag picker
* Disposal on road or
Municipal bins
Onsite disposal
open pits
* No fencing to keep
rag pickers away
* Health impact
Municipal dump yard
Open
burning
Recycling of disposal clinical waste by rag pickers/ unsafe disposal/ unaesthetic conditions/ odour/ nuisance/ ground water pollution
*(Source: Saurabh & Ram , 2006)