1. Cold War Ideology and Hot-Spots
Grade 9 Social Studies
Chapter 8

2. United States Ideology
Political System:
Democratic
There are free and fair elections among two or more political parties
Citizens enjoy a great deal of personal freedom
Examples being: Freedom of religion, freedom of speech

3. United States Ideology (con’t)
Economic System:
Capitalist
There is private ownership of business and industry
These businesses operate for profit
Owners keep this profit and personal wealth grows

4. Soviet Union Ideology Political System: Totalitarian
Government is run and controlled by only one political party
System controls the media, uses widespread surveillance, does not allow many personal freedoms.
Citizens live under a constant shadow of fear

5. Soviet Union Ideology (con’t)
Economic System:
Communist
Government has ownership or control of business and industry
Very little personal wealth, especially for common workers
Under Communism there “should” be no class-system

6. Partition of Germany

7. Cold War Hot-Spots Berlin Airlift 1948-1949
After Germany’s defeat in WW2, the Allies divided the country into occupation zones
Idea was for Germany to become self-governing at some point
The capital city, Berlin, was also divided into separate zones, but was situated within the Soviet area of Germany
Soviets wanted the Western nations to leave Berlin

8. Berlin Airlift (con’t)
Soviet Union refused to allow Western countries to transport supplies into Berlin by land.
Soviets assumed this would force the Western countries to abandon the city
In response to this the Western countries began bringing supplies into Berlin by air, in transport planes.

9. These planes brought all types of supplies, especially coal, gasoline, flour, sugar, milk; basically all the necessities.
These planes flew non-stop for 11 months; a constant line of planes landing in a number of airports in Berlin.
Eventually, Soviets re-opened the land routes into Berlin in May, 1949.

11. Hungarian Uprising, 1956
After WW2, Hungary was occupied by Soviet Union and a Communist government was set up.
Demonstrations and protests were held in front of Hungarian Parliament, crowds were shot at by Hungarian State Police and Soviet troops.
This gunfire forced the Hungarian government to collapse. Citizens of Hungary tried to create a democratic and liberal system. More Soviet troops entered Hungary, small battles took place.

12. - Soviets attack and crush the uprising, with 200,000 troops and hundreds of tanks

13. - Western allies give verbal support to Hungarians, but no military help. As a result thousands of Hungarians escaped and emigrated to other parts of the world as Hungary remained Communist for over 30 years

14. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
Cuba was led by a Communist government and leader Fidel Castro.
After the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, where the United States attempted to remove Castro, Cuba began to work with the Soviet Union, an ally, to build nuclear weapons sites.
In October 1962 American Spy-planes found these missile sites in Cuba, raising fears of being vulnerable to nuclear attack.

15. When an invasion and military air-strikes by the United States, on those missile sites in Cuba, were understood to be too risky, a compromise was put forward.
The United States began a “quarantine” of Cuba in order to stop all Soviet shipping from possibly delivering more missiles.
The Soviets ignored the quarantine and kept sailing
After 5 days - during which the world waited in fear of a nuclear war – the Soviet ships stopped.
The Americans and Soviets had come to an agreement, where the US would agree not to invade Cuba if the missiles were removed.

16. Cuban Missile Crisis (con’t)

17. Vietnam War,

18. Vietnam War Background
After WW2, France wanted to resume its control over Vietnam as a colony. The Vietnamese people resisted this and eventually, in 1954, the French were defeated and left the country.
In the settlement afterwards, Vietnam was broken into 2 separate countries, North Vietnam and South Vietnam. North Vietnam was a Communist country, and South Vietnam was not.
North Vietnam, wanting to re-unite the two countries, invaded South Vietnam in 1963

19. Vietnam War (con’t)
The United States sent military advisors to South Vietnam in 1963 to help their Armed Forces.
As years passed the United States began to send more and more troops to Vietnam, the peak number of 543,000 being reached in 1969.
Due to the length of the war, and the fact that the Americans seemed to be unable to win the war, caused the people back home to begin to protest the war and call for its end.
In 1975 the United States withdrew and South Vietnam quickly surrendered to North Vietnam; the whole country then becoming Communist.

20. Vietnam War

21. Czechoslovakia, 1968
In a situation very similar to Hungary in 1956, the people of Czechoslovakia, who had been under Communist rule since the end of WW2, called for more liberal reforms and the creation of a democratic government.
Unlike in Hungary, the Czech’s were unable to show resistance to the 200,000 Soviet troops and 2000 tanks that invaded their country, and aside from a few minor incidents, the Soviets were not attacked.
Czechoslovakia remained Communist until 1989.

23. Afghanistan,
***Not to be confused with the modern-day war in Afghanistan!***
In 1979, a civil war broke out in Afghanistan between the Communist government and Islamic (Muslim) rebels/guerillas, who were trying to turn Afghanistan into an Islamic state.
The Soviet Union sent troops to aid the Communist government of Afghanistan, and these troops fought a bloody war with the guerillas for 10 years, who were actually being funded by the United States.
In 1989 the Soviets finally withdrew.
The Taliban eventually took power in Afghanistan.

24. Soviets & Afghan Guerillas