1. Unit Four Historical Influences on Identity II: Part of the Global Community (1945 - Present)

2. Chapter 8
Canada in the World

3. Canada in the World
The horrors of the Second World War made people say “Never Again”
To avoid another global conflict Canadians want to become more involved in world affairs
Canada begins to make alliances with other countries to provide a more secure future

4. 8.1 Explain the Causes and Significance of the Cold War
The Cold War refers to the period of strained world relations that existed after the end of the Second World War.
Although there was no large-scale / global battle, verbal attacks and localized fighting were key features of this conflict.
The only actual fighting occurred in small and localized conflicts

5. 8.1 Explain the Causes and Significance of the Cold War
There were two general sides in the Cold War
Democracy/Capitalism
Totalitarianism/Communism
Canada
United States
Great Britain
Western Europe
Union of Soviet Socialists
Communist of Eastern Europe

6. 8.1 Explain the Causes and Significance of the Cold War
Causes of the Cold War
The Cold War has more than one cause.
1. Ideology: Values and ideas about political and economic systems
Each side believed its system of government and economy should be spread across the world.
United States
Soviet Union
Political System
Democratic
Free elections among two or more political parties
Totalitarian
Control by only one party
Devoted to empowering the working people
Economic System
Capitalist
Private ownership of business that operate for profit
Communist
Government ownership of business and industry

7. 8.1 Explain the Causes and Significance of the Cold War
Causes of the Cold War
2. Actions of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe after the defeat of Nazi Germany
After the Second World War Soviet troops do not leave the countries they have occupied
The United States and its allies believe these states should be liberated and form democratic,
capitalist countries
The Soviet Union wants a buffer of satellite states to protect itself from invasion from the West
If any fighting is done it will occur in those countries not the Soviet Union
Satellite States: Country that is independent in theory but is actually controlled by a more powerful country
The two sides see each other as aggressors and are divided
Iron Curtain: Term used to describe the division of the world into two hostile camps during the Cold War

8. 8.1 Explain the Causes and Significance of the Cold War
Causes of the Cold War
3. Nuclear Arms Race
Arms Race: A military competition to build up a superior military force
The United States and Soviet Union begin to compete for military superiority.
Both sides begin to fear that the other will attack.
This further increases tensions and the need to build weapons.
This leads to a cycle of fear and suspicion

11. 8.1 Explain the Causes and Significance of the Cold War
Hot Spots In the Cold War
Hot Spot: Places of heightened tension where conflict has occurred or is likely to occur.
Hot Spots
Berlin
Hungary 1956
Cuba 1962
Vietnam
Czechoslovakia 1968
Afghanistan

12. 8.1 Explain the Causes and Significance of the Cold War
Hot Spots: Berlin
After the Second World War Germany is split up among the allies until it can govern itself again.
West Germany is given to the allies
East Germany is given to the Soviet Union
Berlin sits in the soviet controlled territory but is divided among Britain, France, United States and Soviet Union
Soviet Union refuses to allow supplies to be brought into Berlin in hope of gaining the city
Beginning in 1948 airplanes begin flying supply missions around the clock
Soviet Union opens the roads to Berlin in May 1949

14. Hungary 1956
The people of Hungary removed their pro-Soviet government and made liberal reforms.
The Soviet Union sent in troops to invade Hungary and crush resistance.
The Allies provided verbal support only – but no military help.

15. This was known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.
1959 Cuba has a Communist government led by Fidel Castro
In 1961 The US supported an invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles known as the “Bay of Pigs” invasion. It failed.
In 1962, Soviets helped Cuba develop nuclear weapons.
The U.S. ordered a quarantine (blockade) of Cuba to prevent Soviet ships from delivering missiles
The Soviets ignored the blockade and continued toward Cuba.
The U.S. threatened war
Soviets backed down after the US promised not to invade Cuba.
This was known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.

20. Bay Of Pigs

21. Cuban Missile Crisis

22. Vietnam
After WW2, France tried to re-establish its colonial rule over Vietnam after Japan left.
The Vietnamese wanted their independence and fought the French. The French lost.
1954, Vietnam was divided between communist North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam.
North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam trying to reunite the country under 1 gov’t.
There is fear that if South Vietnam falls so will other countreis in the area.
“Dimano Effect”

23. The US sent troops to help South Vietnam.
By 1969, at the war’s peak, over US troops in Vietnam.
Due to the huge anti-war protests in the US & the fact they couldn’t win, the US withdrew its troops in 1975.
North Vietnam defeated South Vietnam as 1 communist country

24. Vietnam War

25. 5. Czechoslovakia 1968
The Czechs began to reject communist gov’t in favor of a more democratic system. This was known as the “Prague Spring” .
The Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia and restored communism. The Allies condemned the action in words but took no military action against them.
Brezhnev
Communist Totalitarian
Dubcek
“Communist Democracy”

26. Czechoslovakia Rebellion

27. 6. Afghanistan
Civil war broke out between a communist gov’t and Muslim guerillas (unofficial soldiers).
Soviet Union sent in troops to aid the communist gov’t
US sent aid to the Muslim guerillas.
The Soviets cannot defeat the U.S. backed guerillas and are forced to leave the country in 1989
Civil war cont’d until 1996 when the Taliban took control of the country.

28. 8.2 Canada and the Cold War
After the second world war the allies were split into two opposing sides
Canada and many other countries feared that the Soviet Union would spread communism as far as possible
Canada is involved in the formation of two organizations to deal with the threat from the Soviet Union

29. 8.2 Canada in the Cold War NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Members: Canada, United States, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and , Portugal
The Organization is designed to provide Collective Security
Collective Security: an arrangement in which countries seek peace and securityby grouping together.
If one country in the alliance is attacked it is treated as an attack on all of the countries in the alliance.
Through collective security NATO hoped to discourage the Soviet Union from
becoming aggressive

30. 8.2 Canada in the Cold War The Soviet Response to NATO
The Soviet Union responds by creating its own alliance with collective security in mind
Warsaw Pact: Military alliance signed between Eastern European countries in which they
Countries Involved: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East
Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union
“Capitalists of the World Unite”

31. A World Divided

32. 8.2 Canada in the Cold War
Canada’s Role in NATO after the Second World War
Canada commits to taking a role in global affairs
Solidifies itself as an ally of the United States
Maintains a military presence in Western Europe
Takes part in Standing Naval Force Atlantic
STANFORLANT: naval force that ensures that shipping lanes in the Atlantic are safe and secure.

33. 8.2 Canada in the Cold War Canada’s Continued Commitment to NATO:
The role of NATO has changed
Once focused on containing Communism now NATO focuses on protecting ethnic minorities and preventing international terrorism
NATO has grown bringing in many new allies including some from the former Warsaw Pact alliance.

34. 8.2 Canada in the Cold War NORAD North American Air Defense Command
Established as a line of defense against Soviet attacks coming from across the Arctic Ocean
Canada and the United States cooperate in the Air defense
The first step is to create a system of radar stations across the Arctic known as the DEW line
DEW Line: Defense Early Warning system: A series of 63 radar stations situated in the Canadian Arctic that provides protection from Soviet attacks coming from across the Arctic

36. 8.2 Canada in the Cold War NORAD Controversy
NORAD is Controversial for two major reasons
1. The Command Centre is in the United States
Canadians felt that they were losing some independence as the decisions about their defense were being made by Americans at the NATO headquarters in Colorado Springs.
2. It disrupts the traditional way of life of the native people living there.
Many first nations gave up traditional lifestyles to work in the radar stations. Also the construction and operation of the radar stations disrupted the migration patterns of the animals living in the north.

37. 8.2 Canada in the Cold War DEW line radar stations closed in 1993
NORAD continues today under a different name North American Aerospace Defense Command
Today Canada needs to decide it’s role in the “Strategic Defense Plan” known as “Star Wars” now Ballistic Missile Defense Organization
This plan uses ground and space missile detectors to identify enemy missile launches and track missiles
Once detected the plan calls for space and ground based interceptor missiles to be deployed
Interceptor missiles destroy enemy missiles before they can reach their target

39. An artist's concept of a ground / space-based hybrid laser weapon, 1984

40. 8.3 Canada and the United Nations
In April 1945 just after the end of the Second World War 50 nations meet in San Francisco to create the United Nations
The United Nations Charter has 4 goals:
To work collectively to bring an endo to war
To encourage cooperation among nations
To improve the standard of living in all nations
To promote basic human rights
Canada supports the UN in many fields:
Economic: Giving money to United Nations Causes
Social: Working to improve conditions in foreign countries
Humanitarian: Helping in devastated countries
Peacekeeping: Providing military assistance to keep people safe

42. 8.3 Canada and the United Nations
The Korean War
Late in the Second World War the Soviets and Americans liberate Korea from Japanese control.
The country is split at the 38th parallel
The Soviet Union takes responsibility for the north and the Americans take responsibility for the south
North Korea had become communist.
South Korea forms a democratic government
In 1939 China also becomes communist after a civil war
In June 1940 with supplies and weapons from the Soviet Union and China North Korea invades South Korea

43. 8.3 Canada and the United Nations
The Korean War
The United Nations decides to intervene in the war
Canada decides to fight on the side of the United Nations to support its allies and to promote to principle of collective security
Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent commits a Canadian Army Special Force to the conflict

44. 8.3 Canada and the United Nations
At first the war seems to be going well, United Nations troops are able to push the North Koreans back to the 38th parallel, and then to the Chinese border
However in October 1950 thousands of Chinese army volunteers race across the border and fight the UN forces back
By mid 1951 the fighting front was back at the 38th parallel where it would remain until the armistice in 1953

45. Battle of Kapyong
Video

46. 8.3 Canada in the United Nations
The Suez Crisis
1956
The Suez Canal is a busy port located in Egypt
The port was owned by a French-British company
Britain and France see their control of the port as vital to world trade
The Egyptian government wants control over the canal
In 1956 they Nationalize the canal
Nationalize: take from private hands and bring under control or ownership of the nation

48. 8.3 Canada in the United Nations
Suez Crisis
The British and French come up with a plan to get the port back:
They will have Israel attack Egypt, promising the Israelis their support
2. Then to restore order the British and French would step in to stop the conflict
3. The british and French would then step in and take over the port to make sure that trade was unaffected by the conflict

49. 8.3 Canada in the United Nations
The Soviets threaten nuclear strikes against Paris and London if the plan goes ahead
This plan puts the United States in a difficult position
They were not in on Britain and France’s plan, but were bound to defend them if attacked because of the NATO alliance.

50. 8.3 Canada in the United Nations
Suez Crisis: Canada’s Involvement
Lester B. Pearson, Minister of Foreign Affairs comes up with a plan to diffuse this crisis
He suggests that the United Nations set up a force that will be an international peace and police force
Pearson suggests using this force to keep the Israelis and the Egyptians apart until a peaceful solution could be made
This is the origin of United Nations Peacekeeping
Peacekeeping: The use of military means to separate two warring sides in a conflict so that a peaceful solution can be found.
Pearson wins the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for developing the concept

51. 8.3 Canada in the United Nations
Most Canadians support Canada’s role in peacekeeping :
Well trained
gain prestige & influence by performing UN duty
-we are a “middle power” with influence over others
- feel proud as good global citizens

52. 8.3 Canada in the United Nations
Canada also participates in other organizations :
- The Commonwealth
La Francophonie
Organization of American States
World Trade Organization

53. Canada usually acts either bilateral (with another country) or multilateral (with other countries). It rarely acts on its own (unilaterally)