1. Petroleum Products have Many Uses

2. Oil and the Environment
Air and Water Pollution.
Exploration and drilling may disturb land and ocean habitats.
Oil spills into rivers or oceans harms wildlife.
Storage tank or pipeline leaks will enter the ground requiring cleanup.
Burning of oil as fuel results in the production of carbon dioxide, which is linked with Global Warming.

4. Natural Gas
Organic matter (remains of a plant or animal) is compressed under the Earth, at very high pressure for a very long time.

5. United States of America – Reserves of Natural Gas

6. Fast Facts about Natural Gas
Usually found 1 -2 miles beneath the surface of the Earth.
Natural gas has many applications, commercially, in your home, in industry, and even in the transportation sector!

7. Natural Gas and the Environment
Cleanest of all fossil fuels since it is composed primarily of Methane and breaks down through combustion into carbon dioxide and water vapor.

8. Fracking The process of breaking rock underground , then forcing liquids into the ground to force gas or oil to rise.

9. Nuclear
Nuclear Fission: an atom's nucleus is split apart releasing a tremendous amount of energy in the form of both heat and light.

10. A typical light water reactor

11. Nuclear Power Statistics
Currently 439 nuclear power reactors in 31 countries
Combined capacity of 354 gigawatts
Provide 17% of world’s electricity
Currently 32 reactors under construction in 10 countries
Most planned reactors in Asia and parts of former Soviet Union
Electrical Generation in the US

13. Nuclear Power Plants in North America

14. The Nature of Nuclear Energy
Radioactive elements
Nuclei of certain atoms are unstable and spontaneously decompose
Only certain kinds of atoms are suitable for development of a nuclear chain reaction
The two most common are Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239

17. Nuclear Power Concerns
Accidents have raised questions about safety
Type and degree of damage vary with
Radiation form
Dosage and duration of exposure
Type of cells irradiated
Because mutations are permanent, radiation effects may build up over years and only appear later in life
Contamination and disposal problems
Plants may be terrorist targets
Spent fuel storage facilities have more total radioactivity than the reactor

18. Thermal Pollution
Addition of waste heat to the environment

19. End of the Fossil Fuel Era?
Most likely.
Time to look at alternative energy sources:
Wind
Solar
Tidal
Geothermal
Hydroelectric
Nuclear

20. Wind Produces no air pollution.
Harnessing the wind is dependent on weather and location. Normal wind velocity on Earth is approximately 9 miles/hour.

21. Wind Potentially infinite energy supply.
Advantages
Disadvantage
Potentially infinite energy supply.
Can be found singularly or in wind farms.
Wind turbines can be costly.
Visually unattractive to viewers.
Can interfere with flying wildlife.

22. Solar Most resourceful source of energy for the future. Why?
The total energy Earth receives each year from the sun is around 35,000 times the total energy used by man.

23. Solar Potentially infinite energy supply.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Potentially infinite energy supply.
Individuals can have their own electricity supply.
Solar panels can be costly.
Only works during the day.

24. Geothermal
Energy is obtained from the internal heat within Earth and is used to generate steam to run a steam turbine thus generating electricity.

25. Geothermal Potentially infinite energy supply.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Potentially infinite energy supply.
Successfully used in countries such as New Zealand and Iceland
Can be costly to set up and only works in volcanic activity.
Dangerous elements underground must be properly disposed of.

26. Hydroelectric
Damming of rivers and utilizing the potential energy store in the water. Eventually the stored water is released under pressure whereby it turns turbine blades generating electricity.

27. Hydroelectric Create water reserves as well as energy supplies.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Create water reserves as well as energy supplies.
Costly to build.
Can cause flooding
Dams have major ecological impact on local water systems.

28. Tidal
Using the natural motion of the tides to fill reservoirs, where are then slowly discharged through electricity producing turbines.

29. Tidal Construction of barrage is costly. May reduce tidal flow.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Ideal for island such as the UK.
Potential to generate a lot of energy.
Tidal barrage can double as a bridge, and help prevent flooding.
Construction of barrage is costly.
May reduce tidal flow.
May have a negative impact on wildlife.

30. Biomass Decaying plant or animal waste.
An organic material, which can be burned to provide energy.

31. Biomass Cheap and readily available source of energy
Advantages
Disadvantages
Cheap and readily available source of energy
If replaced, can be long term, sustainable source of energy.
When burned it gives off pollutants, including greenhouse gases.
Only renewable if crops resource are replanted.