1. Anatomy and Physiology
Arteries and Veins
Mrs. Gionta

2. Arteries Top to Bottom External Carotid Vertebral Brachiocephalic
Brachial
Renal
Aorta
Radial
Common iliac
Internal iliac
Popliteal
Anterior tibial
Top to Bottom
Internal carotid
Common carotid
Subclavian
Axillary
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric
Ulnar
Inferior mesenteric
External iliac
Femoral
Posterior tibial
Arteries

3. Veins Top to Bottom Vertebral Brachiocephalic Superior Vena Cava
Brachial
Inferior Vena Cava
Renal
Radial
Common Iliac
Internal Iliac
Great saphenous
Posterior tibial
Top to Bottom
Internal Jugular
Subclavian
Axillary
Cephalic
Hepatic
Median cubital
Ulnar
Femoral
Popliteal
Small saphenous
Anterior tibial
Veins

4. Blood Vessels
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

5. A. Arteries (4 main points)
1. Carry blood away from heart towards capillaries

6. 2. Thick walls with 3 layers Endothelium: inside layer
Muscle: middle layer, flexibility and strength
Connective tissue: 4 strength
endothelium
muscle
connective

7. 3. Must with stand higher blood Pressure (BP) than veins & capillaries
4. Small arteries are called arterioles
endothelium
connective
muscle
arteriole

8. Arteries to know Pulmonary  lung Aorta  rest of the body
L pulmonary
Arteries to know
Pulmonary  lung
Aorta  rest of the body
Coronary  heart cells
R pulmonary

10. B. Capillaries Allow materials to diffuse in/out of the blood
Thickness: 1 cell, endothelium
Diameter: only 1 red blood cell can pass at a time

11. Examples of materials that are exchanged
-nutrients, waste, oxygen, CO2

12. Interstitial fluid:
Fluid fills the gaps between cells
Carries dissolved materials between blood and body cells

13. C. Veins
Carry blood from capillaries towards the heart

14. Walls with 3 layers (not as thick as arteries) Endothelium: Muscle:
Connective tissue:
endothelium
muscle
connective

15. Small veins are called venules.
endothelium
connective
muscle
arteriole
venule

16. BP too low to push blood back to heart against gravity
Veins have valves: prevents back flow of blood between pulses
Muscle movement helps move blood

17. Superior vena cava: from upper body
Veins to know
Pulmonary: from lung
Superior vena cava: from upper body
Inferior vena cava: from lower body
Coronary: from heart cells
Superior vena cava
L pulmonary V
R pulmonary V
Inferior vena cava

18. C A B

19. 4 8 1 5 2 6 B 3 7 A C D E

20. Chapter 10: Blood What is the function of blood?
What are the 2 main components of blood?

21. What is the function of blood? Defense against disease
Transport
Defense against disease
Distribute heat

22. Blood: Physical Characteristics and Volume
Sticky opaque fluid with a characteristic metallic taste.
Heavier than water.
5x thicker than water. (More viscous)
PH between 7.35 and 7.45 (Alkaline)
Temperature- 38⁰C or 140⁰F (↑than body temp)

23. What are the 2 main components of blood? 1. Plasma—55% of blood
2. Formed Elements—45% of blood

24. 1. Plasma—55% of blood Liquid part of blood. 90% water.
100 different substances in plasma.
- Electrolytes, gases, hormones, plasma proteins, waste, etc.

26. 2. Formed Elements—45% of blood
44% of blood : Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells-RBC)
>1% of blood: Leukocytes (White Blood Cells-WBC)
>1% of blood: Platelets (Help stop bleeding)

27. What color is deoxygenated blood?
A. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells/RBC)
Transports Oxygen
Contains protein: hemoglobin w/ Fe (iron)
O2 attaches to hemoglobin
Biconcave
No nucleus
Most numerous
What color is deoxygenated blood?

28. B. Leukocytes (White blood cells/WBC)
Defense against pathogens (disease causing organisms)
Can go through capillary walls
Two major groups:
Granulocytes
Granule-containing WBC
Lobed nuclei
Agranulocytes
Lack visible cytoplasmic granules

30. B. Leukocytes (White blood cells/WBC) Cont.
Largest
Least numerous (if healthy)
Variety of shapes for cells and nucleus

31. C. Platelets
Blood clotting
Fibrin (liquid plasma protein) turns solid when mixed with chemicals that are released by platelets
Fibrin sticks to cut edges and forms a mesh that catches blood cells and forms a scab
Smallest
No nucleus

32. 1. 4. 3. 2.

33. Human Blood Groups
Plasma membranes of RBC’s, like those of all other body cells, bear genetically determined proteins (antigens), which identify each person as unique.
Antigen—a substance that the body recognizes as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to release antibodies or use other means to mount a defense against it.

34. Human Blood Groups
Although each of us tolerated our own cellular (self) antigens, one person’s RBC proteins will be recognized as foreign us transfused into another person with different RBC antigens.
The “recognizers” are antibodies present in the plasma that attach to RBC’s bearing surface antigens different from those on the patient’s (blood recipient’s) RBC’s.
Binding of the antibodies causes the foreign RBC’s to clump, a phenomenon called agglutination.  clogging of blood vessels.

35. ABO Blood Groups
The ABO blood groups are based on which of two antigens, type A or type B, a person inherits.
Absence of both antigens results in type O blood
Presence of both antigens leads to type AB blood
Presence of either A or B antigens yield type A or B blood.

36. A baby with neither the A nor the B antigen (group O)
Antibodies form during infancy against the ABO antigens NOT present on your own RBC’s
A baby with neither the A nor the B antigen (group O)
forms both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
Those with type A antigens (Group A) form anti-B antibodies.

37. Antibodies : proteins which attach to specific foreign proteins
Testing blood types-
Antibodies : proteins which attach to specific foreign proteins
Mix blood w 1 antibody one at a time
If the antibody reacts w blood, the antibodies complimentary protein is present on blood
A reaction causes particles or fibers to form in blood
antibody
Reacts w
Anti A
A protein
Anti B
B protein
Anti Rh
Rh protein

38. What type of blood doe this person have?

39. The end

40. What color is deoxygenated blood?
Human blood is always red and never blue.
The mistaken belief that deoxygenated blood is blue is due to the fact that darker blood absorbs less light. Light is an electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths. Visible light consists of different colors (the colors of the rainbow) when combined, they look white. According to some researchers, tissue optics (how light is absorbed and scattered) is responsible for the blue blood phenomenon. According to this theory, the depths of the veins as well as the darkness of the deoxygenated blood reflect the blue color of the light spectrum. Since the blue color is not absorbed, it is "bounced back" and the eye sees the veins as blue.
However, the color of the blood ranges from bright red, when it is oxygenated, to dark red when it is not. When blood leaves the heart to be transported to organs and tissues, it carries oxygen in its hemoglobin. When oxygen is bound to iron, the blood looks bright red. Once oxygen is released, and carbon dioxide binds, the deoxygenated blood looks darker in color.