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Blood – only fluid tissue of body
What type of tissue is blood? Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve Functions include, among others: Nutrient and waste management Heat management Body defenses
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Physical Characteristics of Blood
Color range Oxygen-rich = scarlet red Oxygen-poor = dull red pH = 7.35–7.45 (slightly alkaline) Blood temperature = 100.4°F (slightly higher than body temp) 5 - 6 quarts per healthy adult 8% of body weight
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Blood has 2 major components:
Formed elements = living cells (40-50%) Plasma = non-living matrix (50-60%) Figure 10.1 (1 of 2)
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Blood Plasma is mostly (90%) water and…
Over 100 dissolved substances! Nutrients (like glucose) Salts (electrolytes) Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) Hormones Plasma proteins Waste products (urea, for eg.)
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Plasma proteins = most abundant plasma solutes
Most made by liver Plasma proteins include Albumin—regulates osmotic pressure Clotting proteins—help stop blood loss Antibodies—made by white blood cells, help identify pathogens Plasma proteins usually remain in the blood, i.e. not taken up by cells
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Participating… Blood is made of living cells and cell fragments collectively known as _________ elements and a non-living matrix known as ___________. Though mostly water, blood plasma contains blood ___________ which help control osmotic balance, identify foreign agents, and help with blood clotting among others. formed plasma proteins
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Blood Plasma changes continuously, but must stay within critical bounds for homeostasis
Cells constantly take nutrients, add waste Organs adjust constantly to maintain balance For example, pH ( ) of blood is critical (below 6.8 or above ‘not compatible with life’) Acidosis = blood too acidic Alkalosis = blood too basic Respiratory system and kidneys restore pH in both cases
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Formed Elements Erythrocytes – red blood cells (RBCs), most abundant
Leukocytes - White blood cells (WBCs), many different types Platelets – cell fragments, for blood clotting
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Erythrocytes carry O2 (some CO2)
Anatomy of mature erythrocytes: Flexible biconcave disks full of hemoglobin Anucleate (no nucleus) and no mitochondria (ATP generation is anaerobic) 5 million RBCs per mm3 of blood! How does anaerobic respiration by RBCs aid RBC function?
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Hemoglobin = iron-containing protein
Binds reversibly to O2 (why reversibly?) 4 O2 binding sites per hemoglobin (each requires iron) 1 billion O2 molecules can be carried per RBC!
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Participating… One reason we need the element ________ in our diets is to build functional _______________ molecules that carry O2 inside of _____________, a.k.a red blood cells (RBCs). Do RBCs have a nucleus? iron hemoglobin erythrocytes No, Sir or Madame.
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Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs
Anemia = decrease in O2-carrying ability of blood (many possible causes, not enough iron among others) Sickle cell anemia (SCA) = abnormally shaped hemoglobin crystallizes in low O2 (offers resistance to malaria)
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Some common anemias… Table 10.1
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Leukocytes (a.k.a. WBCs) help defend the body against disease
Leukocyte anatomy: Complete cells, have nucleus & organelles Can move in and out of blood vessels (diapedesis) Respond to chemicals from damaged tissues
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Some Leukocyte (a.k.a. WBC) anatomy…
2 major types = granulocytes and agranulocytes Granulocytes – contain vesicles (granules) to kill invaders or signal damage Neutrophils – eat microbial pathogens Eosinophils – kill parasites (worms) Basophils – signal tissue damage w/ histamine Neutrophils – eat microbial pathogens Eosinophils – kill parasites (worms), respond to allergies Basophils – signal tissue damage w/ histamine
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Characteristics of Formed Elements of the Blood
Table 10.2 (1 of 2)
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Some Leukocyte (a.k.a. WBC) anatomy…
2 major types = granulocytes and agranulocytes Agranulocytes – no ‘granules’ Lymphocytes – major immune cells, identify and help kill invaders Monocytes – eat marked invaders or infected cells, fight chronic infections
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Characteristics of Formed Elements of the Blood
Table 10.2 (2 of 2)
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Abnormalities of leukocytes…
Leukocytosis – high WBC count = infection Leukopenia – low WBC count from drugs, stress, AIDs Leukemia – cancer in bone marrow = excess WBCs
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Participating… White blood cells are collectively known as ___________. These cells are divided into 2 general cell types known as ______________ and agranulocytes. They actively participate in which of the following: leukocytes granulocytes Killing parasitic worms Identifying and consuming microbial pathogens Delivering O2 and removing CO2 from tissues Releasing chemical signals if tissues are damaged
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Formed Elements come from stem cells in red bone marrow
Hemocytoblast stem cells Secondary stem cells Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Monocytes Lymphocytes Erythrocytes Platelets Lymphoid stem cells Myeloid stem cells Hematopoiesis = blood cell formation Figure 10.4
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Erythrocytes are replaced every 100 – 120 days
Why can’t RBCs just repair themselves? No DNA, no protein synthesis, no nothing but Hb Old RBCs recycled by spleen or liver Kidneys detect low O2 levels, send hormone to marrow to stimulate RBC production Erythropoietin stimulates Enhanced erythropoiesis Red bone marrow More RBCs Normal blood oxygen levels Imbalance
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Control of Erythrocyte Production
Normal blood oxygen levels Figure 10.5, step 1
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Control of Erythrocyte Production
Low RBC count, O2 availability, or increased O2 demand Normal blood oxygen levels Imbalance Figure 10.5, step 2
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Control of Erythrocyte Production
Reduced O2 levels in blood Stimulus: Decreased RBC count, decreased availability of O2 to blood, or increased tissue demands for O2 Normal blood oxygen levels Imbalance Figure 10.5, step 3
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Control of Erythrocyte Production
Reduced O2 levels in blood Stimulus: Decreased RBC count, decreased availability of O2 to blood, or increased tissue demands for O2 Kidney releases erythropoietin Normal blood oxygen levels Imbalance Figure 10.5, step 4
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Control of Erythrocyte Production
Reduced O2 levels in blood Erythropoietin stimulates Kidney releases erythropoietin Red bone marrow More RBCs Normal blood oxygen levels Imbalance Figure 10.5, step 6
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Control of Erythrocyte Production
Reduced O2 levels in blood Stimulus: Decreased RBC count, decreased availability of O2 to blood, or increased tissue demands for O2 Increased O2 in blood Erythropoietin stimulates Kidney releases erythropoietin Enhanced erythropoiesis Red bone marrow More RBCs Normal blood oxygen levels Figure 10.5, step 7
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White Blood Cell and Platelet formation - also hormone controlled
Hormone release stimulated by cell damage (some bacteria) Hemocytoblast stem cells Secondary stem cells Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Monocytes Lymphocytes Erythrocytes Platelets Lymphoid stem cells Myeloid stem cells
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Participating… Kidneys detect low O2 levels and release hormones to stimulate new ____________ production. Damaged cells release hormones that stimulate ____________ production. Both are made from _________ cells found in ___ _______ _________ . erythrocyte leukocyte stem red bone marrow Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Monocytes Lymphocytes Erythrocytes Platelets
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Hemostasis = stoppage of bleeding
3 major phases: Vascular spasms – vessels contract Platelet plug formation Coagulation (blood clotting)
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Platelets stick to collagen fibers of damaged vessel wall 2
Blood flow Injury to blood vessel Blood flow decreases Wall of vessel contracts 1 Platelet plug Blood flow decreases Platelets stick to collagen fibers of damaged vessel wall 2 Blood flow ceases More permanent clot forms, pulls walls together 3 Ca2+ Fibrinogen Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrin threads (clot) Damaged cells, platelets release substances to activate clotting activator FigureHowabloodclotformsThemicrographshowsredbloodcells trappedinafibrinnet
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Hemostasis Blood usually clots in 3 to 6 minutes
Clot remains as endothelium regenerates Clot breaks down after tissue repair
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Undesirable Clotting Thrombus – clot in unbroken vessel (thrombosis)
Embolus – internal clot breaks free and circulates (embolism) Can = stroke or heart attack
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Some Blood Disorders… Thrombocytopenia – platelet deficiency from cancer, radiation, drugs bruises develop from normal activity Hemophilia – clotting factors missing Hereditary disorder Requires transfusion or injection of clotting factors
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Human Blood Groups Blood cells have genetically determined ‘self’ markers (Type A, for example) Self markers act as antigens (foreign substances) if transfused Antibodies “recognize” antigens (eg. antibody B recognizes type B blood as foreign) Antibodies cause blood to clump = agglutination
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Human Blood Groups Over 30 red blood cell types are ‘common’
ABO and Rh(+/-) blood groups cause most vigorous transfusion reactions Type AB = A and B antigens Type B = B antigens Type A = A antigens Type O = no AB antigens
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Red blood cells usually burst
Donor type B blood Recipient with type A blood Antigen B Antigen A Antibody to type A blood Antibody to type B blood Red blood cells from donor agglutinated by antibodies in recipient’s blood FigureAnimatedAgglutinationinredblood cellsaExampleofanagglutinationreactionThis diagramshowswhathappenswhentypeBbloodis transfusedintoapersonwhohastypeAbloodbWhatanagglutinationreactionlookslikeInthe micrographontheleftcommingledredbloodcells arecompatibleandhavenotclumpedThecellson therightareamixofincompatibleABOtypesand theyhaveclumpedtogetherDonatedbloodistyped inordertoavoidanagglutinationresponsewhenth bloodistransfusedintoanotherperson Red blood cells usually burst Clumping blocks blood flow in capillaries Side effects disrupt kidney function Oxygen and nutrient flow to cells and tissues is reduced Stepped Art
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ABO Blood Groups Type A can receive A and O blood
Type B can receive B and O blood Type AB can receive A, B, AB, and O (universal recipient) Blood type O can receive O blood (universal donor)
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Participating… Red blood cells have ‘self’ markers that may act as __________ if transfused. ___________ will bind to ‘self’ markers and cause erythrocytes to stick together, i.e. ______________. In the ABO blood types, type ____ is the universal donor and type ____ is the universal recipient. antigens Antibodies agglutinate O AB
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Aside from transfusion problems, Rh can also affect pregnancies…
Rh– mother with Rh+ baby 1st Rh+ pregnancy proceeds without problems Mom’s immune system makes Rh+ anitbodies after 1st Rh+ birth 2nd Rh+ pregnancy, mom’s antibodies attack Rh+ blood = hemolytic disease of newborn RhoGAM shot prevents Rh+ antibody formation in mom
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Blood Typing – antibodies mixed with blood sample, agglutination signals antigen presence
Figure 10.8
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