1. BLOOD
CHAPTER 10

2. I. OVERVIEW

3. A. Components formed elements: living blood cells
plasma: nonliving fluid matrix

4. Blood is the body’s only fluid tissue
Composition of Blood
Blood is the body’s only fluid tissue
It is composed of liquid plasma and formed elements
Formed elements include:
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs)
Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets
Hematocrit – the percentage of RBCs out of the total blood volume

5. Physical Characteristics and Volume
Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid with a metallic taste
Color varies from scarlet to dark red
The pH of blood is 7.35–7.45
Temperature is 38C
Blood accounts for approximately 8% of body weight
Average volume: 5–6 L for males, and 4–5 L for females

6. B. Functions 1. distribution delivery of oxygen & nutrients
transport waste
transport hormones
maintenance of body temperature

7. Functions 2. Body Protection prevention of blood loss
prevention of infection

8. Functions
3. Regulation
Appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
Normal pH in body tissues using buffer systems
Adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system

9. II. FORMED ELEMENTS
1. Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets make up the formed elements
Only WBCs are complete cells
RBCs have no nuclei or organelles, and platelets are just cell fragments
2. Most formed elements survive in the bloodstream for only a few days
3. Most blood cells do not divide but are renewed by cells in bone marrow

10. A. ERYTHROCYTES

11. 1. Structural Characteristics
also called Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)
contains hemoglobin(main protein) which carries oxygen
biconcave disks
no nucleus

12. Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Figure 17.3

13. Structural characteristics contribute to its gas transport function
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Erythrocytes are an example of the complementarity of structure and function
Structural characteristics contribute to its gas transport function
Biconcave shape has a huge surface area relative to volume
Erythrocytes are more than 97% hemoglobin
ATP is generated anaerobically, so the erythrocytes do not consume the oxygen they transport

14. 2. Erythrocyte Function
RBCs are dedicated to respiratory gas transport
Hb reversibly binds with oxygen and most oxygen in the blood is bound to Hb
Hb is composed of the protein globin, made up of two alpha and two beta chains, each bound to a heme group
Each heme group bears an atom of iron, which can bind to one oxygen molecule
Each Hb molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen

15. Structure of Hemoglobin
Figure 17.4

16. 3. Production of RBC’s hematopoiesis: blood formation red bone marrow
erythropoiesis: RBC formation
1. production by immature erythrocytes of substantial number of ribosomes

17. 2. synthesis of hemoglobin at these ribosomes & its accumulation in cell’s cytoplasm
3. ejection of erythrocyte’s nucleus & most of its organelles

18. Production of Erythrocytes: Erythropoiesis
Figure 17.5

19. 4. Fate & Destruction of RBC’s
no nucleus - cannot grow & divide
life span days
become trapped & damaged in smaller circulatory channels
engulfed by phagocytes
iron recycled
p. 575 figure 18.7

20. 5. Erythrocyte Disorders
Anemias: reduced oxygen-carrying ability of blood
fatigued, pale, short of breath & chilly
Iron-deficiency anemia: inadequate intake of iron-containing foods, impaired iron absorption, or chronic blood loss

21. Pernicious anemia: deficiency of vitamin B12
sickle-cell anemia: hemoglobin is spiky & sharp becomes crescent-shaped

23. B. LEUKOCYTES

24. 1. STRUCTURES white blood cells (WBC’s) less numerous than RBC’s
crucial to body defenses

25. 2. Functional Characteristics
form protective mobile army against bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, & tumor cells
can slip into & out of blood vessels by diapedesis
pinpoint areas of tissue damage & destroy foreign substances or dead cells
two groups – Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

26. a. Granulocytes neutrophils: nuclei consist of 3-5 lobes
attracted to sites of inflammation & active phagocytes
basophils: u or s-shaped nucleus
causes cells to release heparin & histamine
histamine: vasodilator
heparin: prevents blood clotting
enhance migration of wbc’s

27. Neutrophil

28. Neutrophil

29. Basophil

30. Basophil

31. eosinophils: nucleus has two lobes like figure 8
reside in intestinal & pulmonary mucosae
phagocytic

32. Eosinophil

33. b. Agranulocytes lymphocytes monocytes found in lymph tissue
major cell of immunity
nucleus is spherical & takes up most of cell
monocytes
nucleus is kidney shaped
highly mobile
phagocytic

34. lymphocyte

35. Lymphocyte

36. Monocyte

37. 3. Production leukopoiesis: production of wbc’s
produced in bone marrow
life span from a few days to several years

38. Figure 17.11 Stem cells Hemocytoblast Myeloid stem cell
Lymphoid stem cell
Committed
cells
Myeloblast
Myeloblast
Myeloblast
Lymphoblast
Develop-
mental
pathway
Promyelocyte
Promyelocyte
Promyelocyte
Promonocyte
Prolymphocyte
Eosinophilic
myelocyte
Basophilic
myelocyte
Neutrophilic
myelocyte
Eosinophilic
band cells
Basophilic
band cells
Neutrophilic
band cells
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Some
become
Agranular leukocytes
Granular leukocytes
Some become
Macrophages (tissues)
Plasma cells
Figure 17.11

39. 4. Leukocyte Disorders leukemias: cancerous condition of wbc’s
bone marrow becomes almost totally occupied by leukocytes
rbc & platelet production is crowded out
infectious mononucleosis: excessive monocytes & lymphocytes
tired, achy, sore throat, low grade fever

40. C. THROMBOCYTES

41. platelets
essential for blood clotting
form temporary plug

42. Genesis of Platelets The stem cell for platelets is the hemocytoblast
The sequential developmental pathway is as shown.
Stem cell
Developmental pathway
Hemocytoblast
Megakaryoblast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte
Platelets
Figure 17.12

43. III. PLASMA

44. Blood plasma contains over 100 solutes, including:
Proteins – albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, and others
Lactic acid, urea, creatinine
Organic nutrients – glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids
Electrolytes – sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate
Respiratory gases – oxygen and carbon dioxide

45. IV. HEMOSTASIS

46. Stoppage of blood flow vascular spasms platelet plug formation
coagulation or blood clotting

48. A. DISORDERS OF HEMOSTASIS

49. Thrombus: clot that develops & persists in an unbroken blood vessel
if too large may block circulation
Embolus: thrombus that breaks away from vessel wall & floats freely in bloodstream
will block circulation if encounters small artery

51. Thrombocytopenia: condition in which number of circulating platelets is reduced, causes bleeding
Hemophilias: inability for blood to clot properly

52. V. TRANSFUSION & BLOOD REPLACEMENT

53. A. ABO BLOOD GROUPS
based on the presence or absence of two agglutinogens, type A and type B
know table p.319

55. B. Rh BLOOD GROUPS Rh positive: carry Rh antigens Rh negative
during & after pregnancy a Rh- mother must receive RhoGAM if she has carried a Rh+ baby Why?

56. C. Transfusion Reactions
oxygen carrying capacity of transfused blood cells is disrupted
clumping of red blood cells in small vessels hinders blood flow to tissues beyond those points
especially occurs in kidneys & causes kidney failure

57. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Hemolytic disease of the newborn – Rh+ antibodies of a sensitized Rh– mother cross the placenta and attack and destroy the RBCs of an Rh+ baby
Rh– mother becomes sensitized when exposure to Rh+ blood causes her body to synthesize Rh+ antibodies

58. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
The drug RhoGAM can prevent the Rh– mother from becoming sensitized
Treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn involves pre-birth transfusions and exchange transfusions after birth