1. Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 10 Blood
Slides 10.1 – 10.31
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. Blood The only fluid tissue in the human body
Classified as a connective tissue
Living cells = formed elements
Non-living matrix = plasma
Slide 10.1a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3. Blood Functions Deliver O2 & nutrients to all body cells
Transport waste products from cells
Transport hormones
Maintain body temp (distribute heat)
Maintain body pH (carry buffers)
Maintain body fluid volume
Prevent blood loss (clotting)
Fight infection (WBC’s, antibodies)
Slide 10.1a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4. Blood Components Plasma (55%) Water (90% of plasma)
Ions, proteins, gases,
nutrients, wastes
hormones
Cells
RBC’s, WBC’s, platelets
Developed from stem cells
in bone marrow.
Slide 10.1a

5. Blood
Figure 10.1
Slide 10.1b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

6. Physical Characteristics of Blood
Color range
Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
Oxygen-poor blood is dull red
Slide 10.2

7. Physical Characteristics of Blood
pH must remain between 7.35–7.45
Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature
Slide 10.2
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. Blood Plasma Composed of approximately 90 percent water
Includes many dissolved substances
Nutrients
Salts (metal ions)
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Proteins
Waste products
Slide 10.3
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9. Plasma Proteins Albumin – regulates osmotic pressure
Clotting proteins – help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
Antibodies – help protect the body from antigens
Slide 10.4
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

10. Formed Elements Erythrocytes = red blood cells
Leukocytes = white blood cells
Platelets = cell fragments
Slide 10.5a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11. Slide 10.5b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12. Slide 10.5c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

13. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) Main function is to carry oxygen
Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
Biconcave disks
Essentially bags of hemoglobin
Anucleate (no nucleus)
Contain very few organelles
Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1
Slide 10.6

14. Hemoglobin Iron-containing protein
Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites
Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
Slide 10.7
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

15. Fate of Erythrocytes Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
Wear out in 100 to 120 days
When worn out, are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver
Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts
Slide 10.15
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

16. Shortage of Erythrocytes
Anemia: decrease in oxygen-carrying ability of blood. Low RBC count or deficient hemoglobin content
Slide 10.15

17. Sickle-Cell Anemia
Abnormal hemoglobin
Genetic disorder
Slide 10.15

18. Sickle-Cell Anemia
Sickle-Cell Anemia: Carriers of 1 allele are resistant to Malaria.
Common disease in Africa.
Slide 10.15

19. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Crucial in the body’s defense against infection & tumors
Complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles
Types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
Slide 10.8
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

20. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis)
Move by ameboid motion
Respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
Slide 10.8
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

21. Leukocyte Levels in the Blood
Normal levels are between 4,000 and 11,000 cells per millimeter
Abnormal leukocyte levels
Leukocytosis
Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml
Generally indicates an infection
Leukopenia
Abnormally low leukocyte level
Commonly caused by certain drugs
Slide 10.9
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

22. Types of Leukocytes Granulocytes
Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained
Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Figure 10.4
Slide 10.10a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

23. Types of Leukocytes Agranulocytes Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
Include lymphocytes and monocytes
Figure 10.4
Slide 10.10b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

24. Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils
Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
Phagocytes at active sites of infection
Eosinophils
Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic worms
Slide 10.11a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

25. Granulocytes Basophils Have histamine-containing granules
Initiate inflammation
Slide 10.11b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

26. Agranulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Nucleus fills most of the cell
Play important role in immune response
T-Cells, B-Cells and NK cells
Monocytes
Largest of the white blood cells
Function as macrophages
Important in fighting chronic infection
Slide 10.12
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

27. Leukemia Bone marrow becomes cancerous  Huge #’s of WBC’s
Treatment: Chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant
Slide 10.12
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

28. Platelets Cell Fragments (irregularly shaped bodies)
Needed for the clotting process
Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3
Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
Slide 10.13
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing

29. Hematopoiesis Blood cell formation Occurs in red bone marrow
Skull, pelvis, ribs, sternum,
humerus, femur
Slide 10.14

30. Hematopoiesis
All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast)
Hemocytoblast differentiation
Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes
Myeloid stem cell produces other formed elements
Slide 10.14

31. Control of Erythrocyte Production
Rate controlled by a hormone (erythropoietin)
Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood
Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels
Slide 10.16
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

32. Control of Erythrocyte Production
Figure 10.5
Slide 10.17
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

33. Hemostasis Stoppage of bleeding Result of a break in a blood vessel
Hemostasis involves three phases
Platelet plug formation
Vascular spasms
Coagulation
Slide 10.18
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

34. Platelet Plug Formation
Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
Platelets become “sticky” & cling to collagen fibers
Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets & cause vascular spasms
Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug
Slide 10.19
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

35. Vascular Spasms Anchored platelets release serotonin
Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles to spasm
Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
Slide 10.20
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

36. Coagulation Injured tissues release proteins
Starts a cascade of reactions between proteins in the blood
clotting factors become activated, stopping bleeding
Slide 10.21a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

37. Blood Clotting Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes
The clot remains as endothelium regenerates
The clot is broken down after tissue repair
Slide 10.22
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

38. Slide 10.22
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

39. Slide 10.22

40. Undesirable Clotting Thrombus: Clot in an unbroken blood vessel
Coronary Thrombus- causes heart attack
Embolus: A thrombus breaks away & floats freely in the bloodstream
Cerebral Embolus: causes a stroke
Slide 10.23
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

41. Bleeding Disorders Thrombocytopenia Hemophilia Platelet deficiency
Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder
Lack of clotting factors
Slide 10.24
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

42. Blood Groups and Transfusions
Large losses of blood have serious consequences
Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness
Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal
Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly
Transfused blood must be of the same blood group
Slide 10.25
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

43. Human Blood Groups Blood contains genetically determined proteins
Antigens: foreign proteins that immune system recognizes
Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination)
Slide 10.26a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

44. Human Blood Groups There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens
The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens, (3 total antigens, A, B and Rh)
Slide 10.26b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

45. ABO Blood Groups Based on the presence or absence of two antigens
Type A
Type B
The lack of these antigens is called type O
Slide 10.27a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

46. ABO Blood Groups Type AB: Both both A and B anitgens
42%
12% 3%
43%
Type AB: Both both A and B anitgens
Type A or B: If A or B antigen is present, called types A and B, respectively
Type O: no A or B antigens

47. Rh Blood Groups
Named because of the presence or absence of Rh antigens
Most Americans are Rh+
Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood
Rh+ : 85%
Rh- : 15%
Slide 10.28
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

48. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy
Danger is only when the mother is Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor
Slide 10.29a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

49. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy
The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child
The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems, but immune system is sensitized
In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
Slide 10.29b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

50. Blood Typing Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum
Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type
Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner
Cross matching – testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa
Slide 10.30
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

51. ABO Blood Groups Slide 10.27a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

52. Blood Types
Slide 10.27a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

53. Developmental Aspects of Blood
Sites of blood cell formation
The fetal liver and spleen are early sites of blood cell formation
Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the seventh month
Fetal hemoglobin differs from hemoglobin produced after birth
Slide 10.31
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings